A paper-based microfluidic electrochemical immunodevice integrated with amplification-by-polymerization for the ultrasensitive multiplexed detection of cancer biomarkers

Integrated paper-based electroanalytical devices for determination of dopamine extracted from striatum of rat

“…Besides, PADs effectively combined the advantages (passive transport of fluid via capillary wicking, compatibility with biological samples, wide variety of functional group to immobilize protein, disposability, portability, low-cost and easy-fabrication) of cellulose-based paper with conventional and complex electroanalytical sensors [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. To date, analytical methods, such as electrochemiluminescence (ECL) [17,18], photoelectrochemistry [19,20], chemiluminescence [9], colorimetry [21] and electrochemistry [22][23][24], have been integrated with PADs. Owing to its fast analysis, high sensitivity, good selectivity, mature instrumentation and operation, electrochemistry is particularly attractive for PADs [23].…”

Paper-based smart microfluidics for education and low-cost diagnostics

“…An appropriate commencement point for low-cost smart healthcare products in need of considerable processing resources is the hybrid approach of combining rigid electronic components with printed electronics interconnects. A reasonable progression from printed interconnect wiring alone, would be the printing of electrodes 36 and communication antennas 23 , to printed biorecognition and transducer materials 19,21 , as well as dielectric and semiconductor materials, followed by passive components such as resistive heating elements 19 , and then active devices 36 , transistor circuits and memories, heading eventually to integrating a power source 20 and display 22,36 , all potentially contained in a 3D-printed mechanical assembly.…”

“…The interconnect wiring network is generated with conductive ink and colloidal nanosilver is by far the most ubiquitous in paper electronics. Laboratory devices have been fabricated by direct writing with either a syringe or a roller-ball pen filled with nanosilver ink 36 , as well as by spraying conductive ink through a stencil, 19 while several digital printing technologies are used, most notably screen printing 21 and inkjet printing 23 for small volumes and prototyping, and high volume roll-to-roll printing 23 for commercial devices. Where equipment is not available, manual painting of electronic pathways using conductive paint provides an effective solution for rapidly developing simple electronics on paper devices.…”

“…Printing is accessible to a broader audience, providing an energy-saving, environmentally-friendly alternative that can dramatically reduce the volume of raw materials consumed and waste generated when compared to conventional production methods. Printed electronics is still an emerging industry, with several key components at research level, 19,[20][21][22][23] but it is envisioned that cost-effective, autonomous, portable, environmentally friendly, and disposable printed biosensor systems for telecommunications connected PoC testing will become a reality, providing sensitive and quantitative multiplexed results.…”

Paper-based microfluidic sensing device for label-free immunoassay demonstrated by biotin–avidin binding interaction

“…They worked as a label conjugated to secondary antibody for generating optical or electrochemical signal. In addition, graphene was used as a working electrode for the electrochemical detection of immunoassay [26,27]. In this demonstration, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as a label to generate detectable signal detected by graphene electrode.…”