2016
DOI: 10.1016/j.jjie.2015.12.001
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A panel study of zombie SMEs in Japan: Identification, borrowing and investment behavior

Abstract: Using a panel dataset of firms for the period 1999-2008, we estimated the prevalence of zombies among Japanese Small-and Medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and their borrowing and investment behaviors. We observe that 4-14% of SMEs were zombie firms during the period 1999-2008.Analysis of borrowing behavior indicates that zombie firms could not reduce their loans. Reductions in the land values of SMEs did not lead to a decrease in the borrowing of zombie firms due to ever-greening. We also observe that the pro… Show more

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Cited by 77 publications
(41 citation statements)
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“…They pointed out that relaxation of bank supervision in conjunction with the act allowed banks not to report these loans as non-performing loans. Furthermore, Imai (2016) showed that zombie firms were prevalent amongst small and medium-sized firms, and that their investment projects were not as productive as non-zombie firms.…”
Section: Literature Relating To the Financing Facilitation Actmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…They pointed out that relaxation of bank supervision in conjunction with the act allowed banks not to report these loans as non-performing loans. Furthermore, Imai (2016) showed that zombie firms were prevalent amongst small and medium-sized firms, and that their investment projects were not as productive as non-zombie firms.…”
Section: Literature Relating To the Financing Facilitation Actmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Adicionalmente señaló que éste comportamiento seria transmitido de las instituciones a las empresas o imitado por éstas últimas con la finalidad de mantenerse operando (Caballero et al, 2008;Fukuda & Nakamura, 2011). Las firmas zombis son definidas como aquellas empresas insolventes que se mantienen en los mercados por un flujo de financiamiento constante (Hoshi, 2006;Imai, 2016;Tan et al, 2016). En otras palabras, son unidades económicas que tienen graves problemas para cumplir constantemente las obligaciones derivadas de la estructura de capital elegida por la administración.…”
Section: Definición De Empresas Zombisunclassified
“…Puesto que la conceptualización de empresa zombi enmarca a organizaciones que requieren y reciben apoyos de entidades externas, se estudian los elementos que llevan a una firma a tener el comportamiento descrito. Como punto de partida, la literatura enmarca características claras sobre el comportamiento de las empresas zombis, entre ellas se encuentra la falta de capacidad para poder competir adecuadamente en los mercados, especialmente en las industrias dinámicas (Caballero et al, 2008), así como la capacidad para generar flujos de efectivo en el corto plazo y no un rendimiento sostenible (Hoshi, 2006;Imai, 2016;Tan et al, 2016).…”
Section: Revisión Empírica Predictores De Las Empresas Zombisunclassified
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“…Among these variables, CAPSUR is an only variable treated as exogenous. For a definition of the marginal q denoted as , we follow Ogawa (2003) and Imai (2016), where the q for firm i is constructed by the following formula.…”
Section: Investment Ratementioning
confidence: 99%