A pandemic of the poor: Social disadvantage and the U.S. HIV epidemic.

Pellowski, Jennifer; Kalichman, Seth C.; Matthews, Karen A.; Adler, Nancy E.

doi:10.1037/a0032694

Cited by 385 publications

(299 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…Second, within environments with physical inequality, we refer to variation in the salience of that physical inequity as situational inequality: for example, a floor plan that requires staff to walk past executive offices to arrive at their cubicles, or stadium or airplane seating that requires passing through the expensive seats to arrive at the less expensive ones. Indeed, previous research suggests that people's perceptions of their relative socioeconomic status are influenced by situational factors (15)(16)(17) and that the salience of inequality exerts an impact, as evidenced by poorer health outcomes in impoverished neighborhoods that border wealthier areas (18).…”

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confidence: 99%

Physical and situational inequality on airplanes predicts air rage

DeCelles

Norton

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We posit that the modern airplane is a social microcosm of classbased society, and that the increasing incidence of "air rage" can be understood through the lens of inequality. Research on inequality typically examines the effects of relatively fixed, macrostructural forms of inequality, such as socioeconomic status; we examine how temporary exposure to both physical and situational inequality, induced by the design of environments, can foster antisocial behavior. We use a complete set of all onboard air rage incidents over several years from a large, international airline to test our predictions. Physical inequality on airplanes-that is, the presence of a first class cabin-is associated with more frequent air rage incidents in economy class. Situational inequality-boarding from the front (requiring walking through the first class cabin) versus the middle of the plane-also significantly increases the odds of air rage in both economy and first class. We show that physical design that highlights inequality can trigger antisocial behavior on airplanes. More broadly, these results point to the importance of considering the design of environments-from airplanes to office layouts to stadium seating-in understanding both the form and emergence of antisocial behavior.physical inequality | situational inequality | antisocial behavior | social class | air rage R ecent media attention has been devoted to the phenomenon colloquially known as "air rage" (1, 2): a form of antisocial behavior by airplane passengers becoming abusive or unruly, antagonizing crew members and other passengers, and endangering flight safety. Such incidents can be emotionally traumatic for passengers and staff, and expensive and reputationally damaging for airlines (3). Although virtually no empirical research examines the antecedents of this hazardous and increasingly common phenomenon, popular explanations for air rage include crowded planes, frustrating delays, and shrinking seats (1, 2). We advance an alternative view: the modern airplane reflects a social microcosm of class-based society, making inequality salient to passengers through both the physical design of the plane (the presence of a first class cabin) and, more subtly, the boarding procedure (whether economy passengers must pass through the first class cabin). We hypothesize that both types of inequality on airplanesphysical (presence of first class) and situational (boarding location)-trigger antisocial behavior (negative, often aggressive behaviors that are harmful to others) (4).Since Durkheim (5), scholars across disciplines have investigated inequality and social class. The influence of social class-individuals' material resources and relative rank in the socioeconomic hierarchy-is ubiquitous, and can affect critical outcomes, such as health, well-being, emotions, and behavior (6-12). Economic scholars often conceptualize class as socioeconomic status, comprised of relatively chronic and macrostructurally determined factors, such as education, income, and geographic location (e.g....

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confidence: 99%

Physical and situational inequality on airplanes predicts air rage

DeCelles

Norton

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The course of HIV infection depends on various factors including the host, viral strain, treatment received and other environmental factors (1,2) . Treatment of concomitant infections is of primary importance in the delaying of disease progression in HIV-infected individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been observed that simultaneous infections occurring with HIV infection can affect the HIV disease adversely (1) . Examples of these infections include tuberculosis, viral infections such as cytomegalovirus, and parasitic infections such as toxoplasmosis (2) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Wuchereria Bancrofti Co-infection in Southern Nigeria: A Case Report

Ibeanusi

2017

IAM

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A 66-year-old male patient presented with irrational talks of 6 weeks duration and bilateral leg swelling of 2 years duration. The patient was a known hypertensive and diabetic. His Serum filarial test was very significant, and his brain Computerized Tomography scan showed cerebral atrophy. An assessment of stage 4 HIV (AIDS) was made in the background of filariasis. His Packed Cell Volume, White Blood Cell count, and Liver Function Tests were all within normal limits. Diethylcarbamazine was added to the patient HAART medication. Limb hygiene, elevation, and compressive bandage were also commenced for the swollen limbs. Two weeks into admission, a remarkable improvement was noticed. His memory was greatly improved. The irrational talk was no more, as he engaged incoherent discussions. The swelling of the limbs was greatly subsided. The patient was later discharged home after three weeks on admission to continue his treatment on an out-patient basis.

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“…This is particularly disconcerting, because HIV has been termed a pandemic of the poor [41]. Similar to other health inequalities [42], risk and prevalence of HIV have also been associated with lower educational attainment and under-or unemployment-and are, thus, associated with lower Socioeconomic Status (SES), where SES is generally an aggregate measure of education, income, and occupational status.…”

Section: Stigma and Classmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2015

ACRS

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A pandemic of the poor: Social disadvantage and the U.S. HIV epidemic.

Cited by 385 publications

References 139 publications

Physical and situational inequality on airplanes predicts air rage

Physical and situational inequality on airplanes predicts air rage

Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Wuchereria Bancrofti Co-infection in Southern Nigeria: A Case Report

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