A packet-reordering covert channel over VoLTE voice and video traffics

Zhang, Xiaosong; Zhu, Liehuang; Wang, Xianmin; Zhang, Changyou; Zhu, Haibin; Tan, Yuan

doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2018.11.001

Cited by 40 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Such a CTC simulates the phenomenon of naturally occurring packet reordering over networks, which has higher channel capacity than those of CTCs based on the fixed time windows and the IPDs. Zhang et al [13] proposed a method for establishing a VoLTE CTC through packet re-orderings. To further improve the robustness of such a CTC, Gray code is employed to encode the covert message for the purpose of alleviating the packet loss and packet out-of-order.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Provenance Transmission through a Two-Dimensional Covert Timing Channel in WSNs

Liu

Akhtar

et al. 2020

Mobile Information Systems

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Provenances, which record the history of data acquisition and transmission, are hard to be transmitted in resource-tightened wireless sensor networks (WSNs) due to their drastic size expansion with the increase in packet transmission hops. To ease the burden caused by the provenance transmission, we first designed a two-dimensional covert timing channel (2dCTC) and then applied it to provenances transmission in WSNs. Based on Cantor Expansion, 2dCTC uses pseudo packet IDs permutation and packet sizes variation together to form a two-dimensional communication medium. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results show that 2dCTC not only has a much higher channel capacity than those of most of the known CTCs, but also conserves more energy for provenance transmission in WSNs. Furthermore, 2dCTC provides a new way to increase CTCs channel capacity and stealthiness through multi-dimensional approaches.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Provenance Transmission through a Two-Dimensional Covert Timing Channel in WSNs

Liu

Akhtar

et al. 2020

Mobile Information Systems

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“…great value for promoting the development of smart grid. And big data technologies can be used to analyze power related data obtained from SDN-based smart grid and use analysis results to analyze user electricity behavior and improve equipment management in power systems [7], [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Optimizing and Differentially Private Clustering Algorithm for Mixed Data in SDN-Based Smart Grid

Wang

Guan

et al. 2019

IEEE Access

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Software-defined network (SDN) is widely used in smart grid for monitoring and managing the communication network. Big data analytics for SDN-based smart grid has got increasing attention. It is a promising approach to use machine learning technologies to analyze a large amount of data generated in SDN-based smart grid. However, the disclosure of personal privacy information must receive considerable attention. For instance, data clustering in user electricity behavior analysis may lead to the disclosure of personal privacy information. In this paper, an optimizing and differentially private clustering algorithm named ODPCA is proposed. In the ODPCA, the differentially private K-means algorithm and K-modes algorithm are combined to cluster mixed data in a privacy-preserving manner. The allocation of privacy budgets is optimized to improve the accuracy of clustering results. Specifically, the loss function that considers both the numerical and categorical attributes between true centroids and noisy centroids is analyzed to optimize the allocation the privacy budget; the number of iterations of clustering is set to a fixed value based on the total privacy budget and the minimal privacy budget allocated to each iteration. It is proved that the ODPCA can meet the differential privacy requirements and has better performance by comparing with other popular algorithms.INDEX TERMS Differential privacy, clustering, machine learning, SDN-based smart grid, big data.

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“…The covert timing channel means that the influence of the sender on system events (performance, behavior, etc. [11]- [17]) can be observed by the receiver, and the two parties use the sequence of events, interval, frequency and other time factors to transmit covert message. Covert channels have both legitimate and malicious applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Two-Way VoLTE Covert Channel With Feedback Adaptive to Mobile Network Environment

Zhang¹,

Guo²,

Xue

et al. 2019

IEEE Access

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In the existing network covert channel research, the transmission of secret messages is one-way, lacking confirmation feedback on whether the secret message is successfully accepted. However, voice over LTE (VoLTE) has real-time interactive features, and the data packets between the sender and the receiver are transmitted in both directions, which facilitates the construction of a two-way covert channel with feedback. Therefore, we propose a two-way VoLTE covert channel adaptive to mobile network environment, which includes a sender-to-receiver covert timing channel that modulates covert message through actively dropping packets during the silence periods and a reverse covert storage channel that hides the acceptance of the covert message as feedback information into the feedback control information field of the real-time transport control protocol (RTCP) packet. The sender evaluates the current attack severity according to the feedback and adjusts the real-time parameters of the covert timing channel to weigh the robustness and other performance, thereby constructing a two-way covert channel adaptive to complex mobile network environments. Experimental results show that this solution can maintain voice quality which is an important performance indicator for VoLTE, while keeping the covert channel undetectable and robust. INDEX TERMS Covert channel, VoLTE, mobile networks, feedback.

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A packet-reordering covert channel over VoLTE voice and video traffics

Cited by 40 publications

References 26 publications

Provenance Transmission through a Two-Dimensional Covert Timing Channel in WSNs

Provenance Transmission through a Two-Dimensional Covert Timing Channel in WSNs

An Optimizing and Differentially Private Clustering Algorithm for Mixed Data in SDN-Based Smart Grid

A Two-Way VoLTE Covert Channel With Feedback Adaptive to Mobile Network Environment

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