A One Year Study on the Concentrations of Norovirus and Enteric Adenoviruses in Wastewater and A Surface Drinking Water Source in Norway

Grøndahl-Rosado, Ricardo; Yarovitsyna, Ekaterina; Trettenes, E; Myrmel, Mette; Robertson, Lucy J.

doi:10.1007/s12560-014-9161-5

Cited by 58 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The median levels of AdV found in influent samples from the two plants were not statistically different and GC per liter varied between 5.0 9 10 4 and 1.1 9 10 7 (median 1.2 9 10 6 ). This level, which was significantly higher during January-March, was quite similar to what has been found in Norway and other studies (Grondahl-Rosado et al 2014;Katayama et al 2008). The NV and AdV levels in raw sewage in the two Norwegian studies, conducted 3 years apart, are quite comparable.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…In plant A, the median levels of log 10 GC/l were 6.2 (GI) and 6.5 (GII), while in B, the median concentration was 5.9 and 6.2, for GI and GII, respectively. These values are at the same level as was found in a Norwegian study in 2011-2012, but [1.6 log 10 higher than what was found in an Irish study in 2009-2010 in a WWTP of approximately the same size as plant B (Flannery et al 2012;Grondahl-Rosado et al 2014). In all three studies, the highest levels were found for GII; however, the differences were not significant in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

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A 1-Year Quantitative Survey of Noro-, Adeno-, Human Boca-, and Hepatitis E Viruses in Raw and Secondarily Treated Sewage from Two Plants in Norway

2015

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A study of enteric viruses in raw and treated sewage from two secondary treatment plants, which received sewage from Oslo city (plant A) and small municipalities in Hedmark county in Norway (plant B), showed high levels of noro-, adeno-, and bocavirus throughout the year. A seasonal variation was observed for adeno- and GII norovirus with higher levels during winter and bocavirus that had more positive samples during winter. The virus concentrations in raw sewage were comparable in the two plants, with medians (log10 genome copies per liter) of 6.1, 6.3, 6.0, and 4.5 for noro GI, noro GII, adeno-, and bocavirus, respectively. The level of hepatitis E virus was not determined as it was below the limit of quantification. The mean log10 virus reduction was 0.55 (plant A) and 1.44 (plant B) with the highest reduction found in the plant with longer hydraulic retention time. The adenoviruses were dominantly serotype 41, while serotype 12 appeared sporadically. Of the 102 raw and treated sewage samples that were tested, eight were positive for hepatitis E virus of which four were from treated sewage. Two of the four obtained gene sequences from hepatitis E virus originated from the rural sewage samples and showed high similarity with a genotype 3 strain of hepatitis E virus detected in local piglets. Two other hepatitis E virus sequences obtained from urban sewage samples showed high similarities with genotype 3 strains isolated from urban sewage in Spain and a human genotype 1 isolate from India. The study gives information on the levels of noroviruses in raw and treated sewage, which is valuable to risk assessment, information indicating that some infections with hepatitis E viruses in Norway have a regional origin and that human bocavirus 2 and 3 are prevalent in the Norwegian population.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

A 1-Year Quantitative Survey of Noro-, Adeno-, Human Boca-, and Hepatitis E Viruses in Raw and Secondarily Treated Sewage from Two Plants in Norway

2015

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“…However, limited quantitative data are available for the levels of human NoV present in surface water and groundwater. Analysis of river water in France and Norway showed that human NoV GI and GII were present at levels of 10 2 to 10 3 RNA copies/liter (71,72). Further investigation into the levels of human NoV in irrigation water, as well as determination of the minimum level of human NoV leading to internalization in fresh produce, can help to elucidate the occurrence of this phenomenon during field production of fresh produce.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Abiotic and Biotic Stresses on the Internalization and Dissemination of Human Norovirus Surrogates in Growing Romaine Lettuce

DiCaprio

Purgianto

Lǐ

2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Human norovirus (NoV) is the major causative agent of fresh-produce-related outbreaks of gastroenteritis; however, the ecology and persistence of human NoV in produce systems are poorly understood. In this study, the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on the internalization and dissemination of two human NoV surrogates (murine norovirus 1 [MNV-1] and Tulane virus [TV]) in romaine lettuce were determined. To induce abiotic stress, romaine lettuce was grown under drought and flood conditions that mimic extreme weather events, followed by inoculation of soil with MNV-1 or TV. Independently, lettuce plants were infected with lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) to induce biotic stress, followed by inoculation with TV. Plants were grown for 14 days, and viral titers in harvested tissues were determined by plaque assays. It was found that drought stress significantly decreased the rates of both MNV-1 and TV internalization and dissemination. In contrast, neither flood stress nor biotic stress significantly impacted viral internalization or dissemination. Additionally, the rates of TV internalization and dissemination in soil-grown lettuce were significantly higher than those for MNV-1. Collectively, these results demonstrated that (i) human NoV surrogates can be internalized via roots and disseminated to shoots and leaves of romaine lettuce grown in soil, (ii) abiotic stress (drought) but not biotic stress (LMV infection) affects the rates of viral internalization and dissemination, and (iii) the type of virus affects the efficiency of internalization and dissemination. This study also highlights the need to develop effective measures to eliminate internalized viruses in fresh produce. Human norovirus (NoV) is the major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis, contributing to Ͼ95% of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide and Ͼ60% of all food-borne illnesses reported annually in the United States (1-4). High-risk foods for human NoV contamination include fresh produce, shellfish, and ready-to-eat foods. As individuals are increasingly striving to achieve healthier diets, the consumption of fresh produce has increased in recent years, and fresh produce is now recognized as a leading cause of food-borne illness in the United States (5, 6). Human NoV alone accounts for more than 40% of the freshproduce-related illnesses reported each year in the United States (1, 2, 4, 6-9). Outbreaks in many diverse types of produce, including fresh cut fruit, lettuce, tomatoes, melons, salads, green onions, strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, and salsa, have been attributed to human NoV (6, 7, 10-15). Human NoV is highly infectious, is resistant to common disinfectants, has a low infectious dose, and is highly stable in the environment, all features that contribute to the high prevalence of food-borne outbreaks associated with the virus and its presence and persistence in food commodities (3,5,7,(16)(17)(18)(19).Fresh produce can become contaminated with human NoV at any step from production to processing. In a survey of the point of...

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“…This group includes various types of enteroviruses (including poliomyelitis virus), ECHO (enteric cytopathic human orphan), Coxsackie A and B viruses, the causative agent of viral hepatitis A, adenovirus, reovirus, rotavirus, etc. [2][3][4]. Viruses may be proven by cultivation on cell culture or by molecular biological methods (polymerase chain reaction -PCR).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of anti-HAV total antibodies among workers in wastewater treatment plants

Toseva¹,

Atanasova²,

Turnovska³

2017

Int J Occup Med Environ Health

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Objectives: Data on high frequency of hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies for wastewater treatment staff is contradictory. Literature lacks data on the seroprevalence of antibodies to HAV (anti-HAV) among workers in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Bulgaria. The aim of this study is to establish a specific humoral immune response to hepatitis A virusanti-HAV total antibodies among staff in WWTPs. Material and Methods: A complex study of health and working conditions included 110 subjects working in 3 WWTPs in Bulgaria (74% of all workers in the 3 studied WWTPs and 20% of all employees in Bulgaria registered in 2014 under the wastewater collection, discharge and treatment code of economic activity). Workers had been differentiated in 3 groups on the basis of their occupational work: operators, support staff and other workers exposed to biological agents. Venous blood from all 110 subjects was tested once for carriers of HAV antibodies. Results: Anti-HAV total antibodies were found for 52.7% of workers in WWTPs. There is a positive association between activity performed in WWTPs (operators, maintenance personnel and others exposed) and a positive one for the presence of anti-HAV (Chi 2 = 6.882, df = 2, p = 0.032). Odds ratio (OR) for hepatitis A increases 2.9 times in the group of operators vs. others exposed to biological agents in WWTPs (OR = 2.914, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.149-7.393, Fisher's p = 0.039). Odds ratio for hepatitis A increases 4.3 times in the group of support staff from WWTPs vs. others exposed to biological agents in WWTP (OR = 4.295, 95% CI: 1.075-17.167, Fisher's p = 0.049). Conclusions: Higher frequency of anti-HAV antibodies among operators and maintenance personnel at WWTPs has been established as compared to other workers exposed to biological agents in WWTPs. There is a positive association between increasing age of the workers and the presence of anti-HAV. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(3):307 -315

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A One Year Study on the Concentrations of Norovirus and Enteric Adenoviruses in Wastewater and A Surface Drinking Water Source in Norway

Cited by 58 publications

References 39 publications

A 1-Year Quantitative Survey of Noro-, Adeno-, Human Boca-, and Hepatitis E Viruses in Raw and Secondarily Treated Sewage from Two Plants in Norway

A 1-Year Quantitative Survey of Noro-, Adeno-, Human Boca-, and Hepatitis E Viruses in Raw and Secondarily Treated Sewage from Two Plants in Norway

Effects of Abiotic and Biotic Stresses on the Internalization and Dissemination of Human Norovirus Surrogates in Growing Romaine Lettuce

Seroprevalence of anti-HAV total antibodies among workers in wastewater treatment plants

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