“…This term is used to describe both entire courses ,− and individual experiments. ,, In terms of courses, a range of implementations of integration have been reported. The term “integrated” itself has been used to describe the combining of a number of laboratory courses in the same physical space, a program of study combining traditional subdisciplines of chemistry into a single laboratory sequence extending over the first two years of a degree program, , a one-term course combining four areas of chemistry and focusing upon advanced techniques, an upper-level course in which students work in groups to complete an extended experimental task, a course combining key skills into a “core” laboratory sequence, and a course which integrates laboratory work in four subdisciplines of chemistry within student-led research projects to which successive cohorts progressively contribute . The term “unified” has been used essentially synonymously and in places interchangeably with “integrated” to refer to laboratory courses at various institutions. − In some contexts most or all of the component laboratory experiments involved some element of integration. , In other contexts, as is the case here, experiments specific to a single subdiscipline are retained alongside those combining distinct disciplinary approaches .…”