“…The first centrifugal force is perpendicular to the circumferential velocity of the particle and directs towards the impeller outlet, while the second centrifugal force is perpendicular to the relative velocity of the particle and is directed towards the suction surface of the blade. The expressions for the three types of inertial forces are as follows [18,19]: Relative to the liquid, particles have greater mass and inertia, which contributes to a slow decrease in v s,y , the velocity component in y direction, and a slow increase in v s,x , the velocity component in x direction. This leads to a non-collinear relationship between particle velocity and liquid velocity, denoted as v s and v l , respectively, as shown in Figure 1.…”