A numerical model coupling phase transformation to predict microstructure evolution and residual stress during quenching of 1045 steel

Esfahani, Ali Kouhi; Babaei, Mahdi; Sarrami-Foroushani, Saeid

doi:10.1016/j.matcom.2020.07.016

Cited by 27 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The main remark of the previous analysis is that initial solid temperature plays an important role to determine the whole q vs. T w curve and therefore the proper boiling curve should be considered in any mathematical model of a phase transformation in solid state metal. For example, some studies of heat treatment of alloys [27][28][29][30] present models to predict the kinetics of phase transformation during quenching assuming a boiling curve, as a boundary condition to solve the heat conduction equation. This curve was commonly reported in an independent work and which workpiece was heated at a specific initial temperature.…”

Section: Initial Wall Heat Fluxmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Boiling Curve with Reference to Steel Quenching

Barrena-Rodríguez

Acosta-González

Tellez-Rosas

2021

Metals

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This review presents an analysis and discussion about heat transfer phenomena during quenching solid steel from high temperatures. It is shown a description of the boiling curve and the most used methods to characterize heat transfer when using liquid quenchants. The present work points out and criticizes important aspects that are frequently poorly attended in the technical literature about determination and use of the boiling curve and/or the respective heat transfer coefficient for modeling solid phase transformations in metals. Points to review include: effect of initial workpiece temperature on the boiling curve, fluid velocity specification to correlate with heat flux, and the importance of coupling between heat conduction in the workpiece and convection boiling to determine the wall heat flux. Finally, research opportunities in this field are suggested to improve current knowledge and extend quenching modeling accuracy to complex workpieces.

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Section: Initial Wall Heat Fluxmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Boiling Curve with Reference to Steel Quenching

Barrena-Rodríguez

Acosta-González

Tellez-Rosas

2021

Metals

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“…Houghton et al [ 18 ] conducted a series of heat treatment experiments in 52100 steel and the Avrami equation was adopted to determine the isothermal kinetics of the austenite to bainite transformation. Esfahani et al [ 19 ] proposed a coupling phase transformation numerical model to investigate the microstructure evolution and residual stress in quenched steel. The stress state and hardness affected by ferrite formation and pearlite phase transformation have been analyzed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Compressive Stress Retention in Quenched Cam of 100Cr6 Steel Based on Coupled Thermomechanical and Metallurgical Modeling

et al. 2021

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The assembled camshaft has obvious advantages in material optimization and flexible manufacturing. As the most important surface modification technique, the heat treatment process is utilized in this work to promote the desired compressive residual stress on the near-surface of the 100Cr6 steel assembled cam. The Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation and Koistinen-Marbuger law are integrated into the ABAQUS software via user subroutines to simulate the evolution of diffusional transformation and diffusionless transformation, respectively. The linear mixture law is used for describing the coupled thermomechanical and metallurgical behaviors in the quenching of steel cam. The influences of various quenchants and the probable maximum phase volume fractions on surface residual stress or hardness are analyzed. Results show that a greater amount of martensite volume fraction and a slower martensitic transformation rate are beneficial for the compressive stress retention. Compared with the conventional quenching oil, the fast oil quenched cam surface has higher final compressive stress and hardness.

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“…This multi-physical problem is solved by considering the interaction between thermal, metallurgical, and mechanical phenomena. Numerous experiments have been carried out, considering structural transformations, to model the quenching (Belhadj et al 2008), (Moumni et al 2011) and (Esfahani et al 2021). Two methods are used to model structural transformations, the first relates to transformations with diffusion depending on both temperature and time and the second relates to transformations without diffusion depending only on temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermo-mechanical and metallurgical model of leaf spring industrial quenching process

Slama

Jabeur

Mansouri

et al. 2021

Preprint

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This study is a numerical analysis of the industrial quenching process for leaf springs developed by the CAVEO company. The leaf chosen for this study is of a parabolic profile made of EN-51CrV4 steel (AISI 6150). The aim of this study is to set up a numerical model to predict thermal, metallurgical, and mechanical behavior of a leaf spring from exit of the heating furnace to exit of the quenching bath going through a cambering operation. This study would therefore allow the company to switch from a development scheme based on experiments using physical prototypes tested on the production line to a new scheme based on virtual prototypes using numerical simulation. The development of the numerical model using the finite element method is carried out using the ABAQUS/Implicit solver coupled with two user subroutines Phase and UMAT. The first one have been developed to compute microstructure evolution and the second one to define the constitutive law taking into account phase transformations. This model helps us to follow the spatio-temporal evolutions of temperature and microstructure in the leaf, as well as the variation of the leaf deflection during the process. The proposed numerical model is supported by an experimental protocol based on infrared thermographic images, Rockwell-C hardness measurements, metallographic observations, and deflection measurements. Indeed, the results of the proposed thermo-mechanical and metallurgical model are closed to experimental results.

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A numerical model coupling phase transformation to predict microstructure evolution and residual stress during quenching of 1045 steel

Cited by 27 publications

References 25 publications

A Review of the Boiling Curve with Reference to Steel Quenching

A Review of the Boiling Curve with Reference to Steel Quenching

Study on the Compressive Stress Retention in Quenched Cam of 100Cr6 Steel Based on Coupled Thermomechanical and Metallurgical Modeling

Thermo-mechanical and metallurgical model of leaf spring industrial quenching process

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