“…• Risk factors reported in previous studies: body mass index ≧25 kg/m 2 [9,13,18], ASA classification grade ≧3 [12], duration of surgery [7,9,12,13,18,19], age ≧70 years [7,9,18], transfusion [9,17,18], neoadjuvant chemotherapy [16], preoperative biliary stent [12,16], smoking [18], preoperative and intraoperative poor glycemic control (preoperative HbA1c level ≧7.0%, intraoperative maximum serum glucose level ≧180 mg/dL) [18], and serum albumin level <3.5 g/dL [18].…”