Interleukin (IL)-31 is a recently described cytokine, preferentially produced by T helper 2 lymphocytes and associated with skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis. IL-31 is a member of the four ␣-helix bundle cytokine family and is related to the IL-6 subgroup. Its heterodimeric membrane receptor is composed of the gp130-like receptor (GPL) subunit associated to the oncostatin M receptor subunit. We identified critical amino acids implicated in the ligand receptor interaction by computational analysis combined with site-directed mutagenesis. Six IL-31 residues selected for their putative involvement in cytokine receptor contact sites were alanine-substituted, and the corresponding proteins were expressed in mammalian and bacterial systems. Biochemical, membrane binding, cell signaling, and cell proliferation analyses showed that mutation E44A, E106A, or H110A abolished IL-31 binding to GPL and the subsequent signaling events. A second ligand receptor-binding site involved Lys 134 , with alanine substitution leading to a protein that still binds GPL, but is unable to recruit the second receptor subunit and the subsequent signaling pathways. The results indicate that IL-31 recognizes its receptor complex through two different binding sites, and we propose a three-dimensional model for IL-31. 4 is a newly described T cell-derived cytokine mostly produced by T helper type 2 cells and involved in promoting skin disorders and regulating other allergic diseases such as asthma (1-5). Mice treated with intradermal injection of IL-31 or transgenic mice overexpressing IL-31 present increased scratching behavior and develop severe dermatitis (1). An association of IL-31 with atopic dermatitis was found in the IL-31 transgenic mouse phenotype that mimics the human pathology (6).In humans, atopic individuals have an increased tendency to produce high levels of IL-31 in response to external trigger factors, which may contribute to the development of pruritus. Moreover, IL-31 mRNA is increased in circulating and skininfiltrating cutaneous lymphocyte antigen-positive T cells of these patients (7). This cytokine is related to the IL-6 cytokine family by its structure and receptor complex (8). IL-31 is a fourhelix bundle cytokine comprising two long cross-over loops and one short loop (1, 9). The mRNA encodes for a 15.5-kDa protein displaying an apparent molecular mass of 24 kDa in its glycosylated form. Based on its overall length, IL-31 is quite close to the IL-2 or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor short chain groups of cytokines but does not display apparent homology or functional properties with them.The IL-31 heterodimeric receptor is composed of gp130-like receptor (GPL, also known as GLM-R or IL-31RA) (1, 10, 11) and oncostatin M receptor (OSMR) (12, 13). GPL was cloned as a member of the type I cytokine receptor family (10, 11). Its name reflects its close homology to gp130, the shared receptor subunit of the IL-6-type cytokines (14, 15). GPL displays common structural motifs with the family of type I cytokine rece...