I wish to express my sincere appreciation to him for his guidance and encouragement during the course of the research work. I would like to thank Mr. Chua Eng Kee and Ms. Liu Zhi Hong for their helpful discussions and suggestions during the research work. I should thank all the staff and colleagues in Centre for Integrated Circuits and Systems, for their kind support and help. Specially, I would like to thank my husband, Mr. Meng Hai Jiang, my parents and all of my friends for their continuous support and encouragement to this work. Without their help, I would never have accomplished my goals in completing my postgraduate study.