A novel solid‐phase extraction–spectrofluorimetric method for the direct determination of atenolol in human urine

Abstract

A novel, simple, sensitive and selective solid-phase extraction (SPE)-spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the determination of atenolol (ATE) in human urine. Because an extraction procedure is required to isolate ATE or eliminate the interfering molecules present in complex human urine for the direct spectrofluorimetric determination, a pH-sensitive poly(acrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) [poly(AA-EGDMA)] hydrogel was developed and used as a SPE adsorbent. Some factors affecting the ATE extraction efficiency, such as washing solvent type and volume, and the volume of elution solvent were optimized. Eluates from SPE cartridges were analyzed using a spectrofluorimeter (λ(ex) = 277 nm and λ(em) = 300 nm). The calibration graph was linear over the concentration range 0.15-4.0 µg/mL. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were found to be 0.03 and 0.10 µg/mL, respectively. Relatively high intraday [2.06%, mean relative standard deviation (RSD)] and interday (2.6%, mean RSD) precisions were achieved. High mean recovery (95.4%) and low RSD values (3.8%) were obtained for spiked ATE in human urine. The spectrofluorimetric method presented here can be easily applied to assay trace amounts of ATE in pharmaceuticals and biological samples.

Spectrofluorimetric determination of atenolol from human urine using high‐affinity molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction sorbent

“…Several analytical methods have been reported for the determination of ATOL in biological fluids and pharmaceutical formulations including voltammetry, potentiometry, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, capillary electrophoresis and phosphorescence . Among the techniques presented above, however, spectrophotometry and capillary electrophoresis have some restrictions in selectivity and sensitivity.…”

Design of highly sensitive phosphorescence sensor for determination of procaterol hydrochloride based on inhibition of KClO3 oxidation fluorescein isothiocyanate

“…The human serum was pretreated according to the method described in , then the upper solution was diluted to 25 ml with Britton–Robinson buffer for use. Human urine and pig urine were pretreated according to the method described in , then the upper solution was diluted to 100 ml with 0.010 mol L –1 HCl solution for use.…”

Synthesis and Characterisation of a Monolithic Imprinted Column Using a Methacrylic Acid Monomer with Porogen Propanol for Atenolol Analysis

“…Atenolol levels in the blood are very low, at 600 ng/mL three hours after the first dose and 50-70 ng/mL after 24 hours [6]. One SPE technique that is selective and able to eliminate the interfering matrix and concentrate analytes for detection is molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) technology [7][8][9].…”