A Novel Small Protein of<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>Involved in Spore Germination and Spore Coat Assembly

Kodama, Takeko; Matsubayashi, Takeshi; Yanagihara, Tadayoshi; Komoto, Hiroyuki; Ara, Katsutoshi; Ozaki, Katsuya; Kuwana, Ritsuko; Imamura, Daisuke; Takamatsu, Hiromu; Watabe, Kazuhito; Sekiguchi, Junichi

doi:10.1271/bbb.110029

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(60 reference statements)

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“…10 They are under the control of a sporulation specific sigma K promoter and have a putative binding site for the transcription factor GerE, necessary for the expression of late spore coat genes. 15 An antisense RNA of ~120 nucleotides to the 3' end of yhzE-2 gene was detected by northern blotting. YhzE-2 does not seem to be toxic in E. coli or B. subtilis, at least under the conditions of overexpression tested by Fozo et al 10 More recently, a study from Kodoma et al showed that yhzE (sscA) is involved in spore germination and spore coat assembly.…”

Section: Putative Type I Toxins In B Subtilismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…YhzE-2 does not seem to be toxic in E. coli or B. subtilis, at least under the conditions of overexpression tested by Fozo et al 10 More recently, a study from Kodoma et al showed that yhzE (sscA) is involved in spore germination and spore coat assembly. 15 Interestingly, B. subtilis encodes 7 other paralogs of the YhzE proteins encoded by the yosA, yjcZ, yoyG, yczM, yczN, yuzJ and ykzV genes. Some of them are duplicated in the same intergenic region, such as yhzE and yhzE-2 and yczN and yczM.…”

Section: Putative Type I Toxins In B Subtilismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Type I toxin-antitoxin systems inBacillus subtilis

et al. 2012

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Section: Putative Type I Toxins In B Subtilismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Putative Type I Toxins In B Subtilismentioning

confidence: 99%

Type I toxin-antitoxin systems inBacillus subtilis

et al. 2012

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“…Upon engulfment, peptidoglycan spore cortex formation begins. In B. subtilis, at stage IV, SigK is activated in the mother cell and regulates spore coat formation by expression of the coat and germination-related genes (21).…”

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confidence: 99%

Alternative Sigma Factors SigF, SigE, and SigG Are Essential for Sporulation in Clostridium botulinum ATCC 3502

Kirk

Zhang

Korkeala

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Clostridium botulinum produces heat-resistant endospores that may germinate and outgrow into neurotoxic cultures in foods. Sporulation is regulated by the transcription factor Spo0A and the alternative sigma factors SigF, SigE, SigG, and SigK in most spore formers studied to date. We constructed mutants of sigF, sigE, and sigG in C. botulinum ATCC 3502 and used quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and electron microscopy to assess their expression of the sporulation pathway on transcriptional and morphological levels. In all three mutants the expression of spo0A was disrupted. The sigF and sigE mutants failed to induce sigG and sigK beyond exponential-phase levels and halted sporulation during asymmetric cell division. In the sigG mutant, peak transcription of sigE was delayed and sigK levels remained lower than that in the parent strain. The sigG mutant forespore was engulfed by the mother cell and possessed a spore coat but no peptidoglycan cortex. The findings suggest that SigF and SigE of C. botulinum ATCC 3502 are essential for early sporulation and late-stage induction of sigK, whereas SigG is essential for spore cortex formation but not for coat formation, as opposed to previous observations in B. subtilis sigG mutants. Our findings add to a growing body of evidence that regulation of sporulation in C. botulinum ATCC 3502, and among the clostridia, differs from the B. subtilis model.

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“…In B. subtilis, the mother cell-specific K regulates spore coat formation during late-stage sporulation (15,21). A 42-kb intervening element, called skin, separates two halves of sigK in some B. subtilis strains (16).…”

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confidence: 99%

Involvement of Clostridium botulinum ATCC 3502 Sigma Factor K in Early-Stage Sporulation

Kirk

Dahlsten

Zhang

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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ABSTRACTA key survival mechanism ofClostridium botulinum, the notorious neurotoxic food pathogen, is the ability to form heat-resistant spores. While the genetic mechanisms of sporulation are well understood in the model organismBacillus subtilis, nothing is known about these mechanisms inC. botulinum.Using the ClosTron gene-knockout tool,sigK, encoding late-stage (stage IV) sporulation sigma factor K inB. subtilis, was disrupted inC. botulinumATCC 3502 to produce two different mutants with distinct insertion sites and orientations. Both mutants were unable to form spores, and their elongated cell morphology suggested that the sporulation pathway was blocked at an early stage. In contrast,sigK-complemented mutants sporulated successfully. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis ofsigKin the parent strain revealed expression at the late log growth phase in the parent strain. Analysis ofspo0A, encoding the sporulation master switch, in thesigKmutant and the parent showed significantly reduced relative levels ofspo0Aexpression in thesigKmutant compared to the parent strain. Similarly,sigFshowed significantly lower relative transcription levels in thesigKmutant than the parent strain, suggesting that the sporulation pathway was blocked in thesigKmutant at an early stage. We conclude that σKis essential for early-stage sporulation inC. botulinumATCC 3502, rather than being involved in late-stage sporulation, as reported for the sporulation model organismB. subtilis. Understanding the sporulation mechanism ofC. botulinumprovides keys to control the public health risks that the spores of this dangerous pathogen cause through foods.

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A Novel Small Protein ofBacillus subtilisInvolved in Spore Germination and Spore Coat Assembly

Cited by 13 publications

References 45 publications

Type I toxin-antitoxin systems inBacillus subtilis

Type I toxin-antitoxin systems inBacillus subtilis

Alternative Sigma Factors SigF, SigE, and SigG Are Essential for Sporulation in Clostridium botulinum ATCC 3502

Involvement of Clostridium botulinum ATCC 3502 Sigma Factor K in Early-Stage Sporulation

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