A novel slurry concept for the fabrication of lithium-ion battery electrodes with beneficial properties

Bitsch, Boris; Dittmann, Jens; Schmitt, Markus; Scharfer, Philip; Schabel, Wilhelm; Willenbacher, Norbert

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.04.115

Cited by 142 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The effect of the addition of the graphite is more significant, due to big difference of mass between carbon black and graphite; which suggests that the change is due to the increase of the mass loading. Both the tan δ values greater than 1 in all cases, indicating the loss modulus is higher than the storage modulus and therefore it behaves as a fluid …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Stability and rheological study of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and alginate suspensions as binders for lithium ion batteries

Garcı́a

Culebras

Collins

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Currently, the most widely used binder in batteries is polyvinylidene fluoride with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone used as a solvent. This solvent is flammable and toxic. Here, we focus on the suitability of using water-soluble sodium alginate (Na-alginate) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) as alternative biobased binder materials for the anodes of lithium ion batteries. It reduces the environmental impact of current manufacturing processes. However, control of the rheological characteristics of the binder whilst containing active and conductive additives is key for optimized processing. Here, we perform stability and rheological measurements of Na-alginate and Na-CMC solutions containing varying amounts of graphite and carbon black used as active and conductive materials, respectively. Compared with the benchmark Na-CMC, the degree of flocculation shows that for the same concentration of binder in water, Na-alginate suspensions are more stable. The rheology measurements show that Na-alginate slurries have a higher viscosity than Na-CMC at a shear rate of 50 s 21 with that for a 1.5% of Na-alginate binder being 1.26 Pa s while for Na-CMC it was for 0.20 Pa s. The loss factor was lower for Na-Alginate, between 2 and 3 against between 2.9 and 3.3 for Na-CMC, showing a more developed network structure.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Stability and rheological study of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and alginate suspensions as binders for lithium ion batteries

Garcı́a

Culebras

Collins

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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show abstract

“…The use of water as the solvent can eliminate these disadvantages with the advantage of being less expensive than organic solvents . Carboxymethyl cellulose is used in place of PVDF when an aqueous system is incorporated and also represents a less expensive option as opposed to PVDF . However, aqueous‐based slurries require additional care due to strong hydrogen bonding causing the particles to agglomerate .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Interfacial‐Energy‐Driven Dry Powder Mixing for Solvent‐Free Additive Manufacturing of Li‐Ion Battery Electrodes

Ludwig

Liu

Chen

et al. 2017

Adv Materials Inter

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Lithium‐ion battery electrodes are manufactured using a new additive manufacturing process based on dry powders. By using dry powder‐based processing, the solvent and its associated drying processes in conventional battery process can be removed, allowing for large‐scale Li‐ion battery production to be more economically viable in markets such as automotive energy storage systems. Uniform mixing distribution of the additive materials throughout the active material is the driving factor for manufacturing dry powder‐based Li‐ion batteries. Therefore, this article focuses on developing a physical model based on interfacial energies to understand the mixing characteristics of the dry mixed particulate materials. The mixing studies show that functional electrodes can be manufactured using dry processing with binder and conductive additive materials as low as 1 wt% due to the uniformly distributed particles. Electrochemical performance of the dry manufactured electrodes with reduced conductive and binder additive is promising as the cells retained 77% capacity after 100 cycles. While not representative of the best possible electrochemical performance of Li‐ion batteries, the achieved electrochemical performance of the reduced conductive and binder additive electrodes with LiCoO2 as the active material confirms the well distributed nature of the additive particles throughout the electrode matrix.

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“…In commercial applications, an expensive NMP recovery system is used to recover evaporated NMP due to the environmentally hazardous properties of NMP [6][7][8][9][10]. More environmentally friendly solvents, such as aqueous based slurries, can be used to eliminate the need for a recovery system but the differences in slurry rheology need to be accounted for [10][11][12]. The use of aqueous based slurry necessitates the change to a matching binder, such as carboxymethyl cellulose [6,9,11,13], as PVDF needs nonaqueous solvent to sufficiently dissolve [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More environmentally friendly solvents, such as aqueous based slurries, can be used to eliminate the need for a recovery system but the differences in slurry rheology need to be accounted for [10][11][12]. The use of aqueous based slurry necessitates the change to a matching binder, such as carboxymethyl cellulose [6,9,11,13], as PVDF needs nonaqueous solvent to sufficiently dissolve [1]. The slurry mixing properties must be accounted for as high surface tension due to strong hydrogen bonding can cause particles to agglomerate and electrode cracking problems can occur during the drying step [10,14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of Micro/Nanopowder Mixing Characteristics for Dry Spray Additive Manufacturing of Li-Ion Battery Electrodes

Ludwig

Liu²,

Liu³

et al. 2017

Journal of Micro and Nano-Manufacturing

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A new dry spraying additive manufacturing method for Li-ion batteries has been developed to replace the conventional slurry-casting technique for manufacturing Li-ion battery electrodes. A dry spray manufacturing process can allow for the elimination of the time- and energy-intensive slurry drying process needed due to the use solvents to make the electrodes. Previous studies into the new manufacturing method have shown successful fabrication of electrodes which have strong electrochemical and mechanical performance. Li-ion battery electrodes typically consist of three basic materials: active material (AM), binder particle additives (BPA), and conductive particle additives (CPA). In this paper, a discrete element method (DEM) simulation was developed and used to study the mixing characteristics of dry electrode powder materials. Due to the size of the particles being in the submicron to micron size range, the mixing characteristics are heavily dependent on van der Waals adhesive forces between the particles. Therefore, the effect the Li-ion battery electrode material surface energy has on the mixing characteristics was studied. Contour plots based on the DEM simulation results where the surface energy components of selected material types are changed were used to predict the mixing characteristics of different particle systems. For the cases studied, it is found that experimental mixing results are representative of the results of the DEM simulations.

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A novel slurry concept for the fabrication of lithium-ion battery electrodes with beneficial properties

Cited by 142 publications

References 21 publications

Stability and rheological study of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and alginate suspensions as binders for lithium ion batteries

Stability and rheological study of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and alginate suspensions as binders for lithium ion batteries

Understanding Interfacial‐Energy‐Driven Dry Powder Mixing for Solvent‐Free Additive Manufacturing of Li‐Ion Battery Electrodes

Simulation of Micro/Nanopowder Mixing Characteristics for Dry Spray Additive Manufacturing of Li-Ion Battery Electrodes

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