A novel secured Euclidean space points algorithm for blind spatial image watermarking

Abstract

Digital raw images obtained from the data set of various organizations require authentication, copyright protection, and security with simple processing. New Euclidean space point’s algorithm is proposed to authenticate the images by embedding binary logos in the digital images in the spatial domain. Diffie–Hellman key exchange protocol is implemented along with the Euclidean space axioms to maintain security for the proposed work. The proposed watermarking methodology is tested on the standard set of raw grayscale and RGB color images. The watermarked images are sent in the email, WhatsApp, and Facebook and analyzed. Standard watermarking attacks are also applied to the watermarked images and analyzed. The finding shows that there are no image distortions in the communication medium of email and WhatsApp. But in the Facebook platform, raw images experience compression and observed exponential noise on the digital images. The authentication and copyright protection are tested from the processed Facebook images. It is found that the embedded logo could be recovered and seen with added noise distortions. So the proposed method offers authentication and security with compression attacks. Similarly, it is found that the proposed methodology is robust to JPEG compression, image tampering attacks like collage attack, image cropping, rotation, salt-and-pepper noise, sharpening filter, semi-robust to Gaussian filtering, and image resizing, and fragile to other geometrical attacks. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve is drawn and found that the area under the curve is approximately equal to unity and restoration accuracy of [67 to 100]% for various attacks.

Robust Zero Watermarking Algorithm for Medical Images Based on Improved NasNet-Mobile and DCT

“…Wang, Huanying et al proposed a color image watermarking method to obtain the elements of OR decomposition in the spatial domain and perform watermark embedding and extraction in the spatial domain [9]. Basha, Shaik Hedayath et al used ESP algorithm to compute Euclidean spatial points for watermark embedding process and used Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol to recover the watermark, wherein the algorithm has some resistance to JPEG compression, cropping, rotation, and other attacks [10]. Cao, H. et al used quantization technique for watermark embedding extraction by studying the relationship between the DFT DC component and the domain pixel values [11].…”