A novel role for Ets4 in axis specification and cell migration in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum

Pechmann, Matthias; Benton, Matthew A.; Kenny, Nathan J.; Posnien, Nico; Roth, Siegfried

doi:10.7554/elife.27590

Cited by 31 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Embryos and adults of P. tepidariorum were obtained from the stock in Göttingen. Spider were kept and fed as previously described Pechmann et al 2017). Embryos used for in situ hybridization (ISH) experiments were staged, collected and fixed as previously described (Hilbrant et al 2012;Mittmann and Wolff 2012;Posnien et al 2014).…”

Section: Animal Culture and Gene Cloningmentioning

confidence: 99%

six3 acts upstream of foxQ2 in labrum and neural development in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum

2020

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Anterior patterning in animals is based on a gene regulatory network, which comprises highly conserved transcription factors like six3, pax6 and otx. More recently, foxQ2 was found to be an ancestral component of this network but its regulatory interactions showed evolutionary differences. In most animals, foxQ2 is a downstream target of six3 and knockdown leads to mild or no epidermal phenotypes. In contrast, in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, foxQ2 gained a more prominent role in patterning leading to strong epidermal and brain phenotypes and being required for six3 expression. However, it has remained unclear which of these novel aspects were insect or arthropod specific. Here, we study expression and RNAi phenotype of the single foxQ2 ortholog of the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. We find early anterior expression similar to the one of insects. Further, we show an epidermal phenotype in the labrum similar to the insect phenotype. However, our data indicate that foxQ2 is positioned downstream of six3 like in other animals but unlike insects. Hence, the epidermal and neural pattering function of foxQ2 is ancestral for arthropods while the upstream role of foxQ2 may have evolved in the lineage leading to the insects.Development Genes and Evolution (2020) 230:95-104 https://doi.

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Section: Animal Culture and Gene Cloningmentioning

confidence: 99%

six3 acts upstream of foxQ2 in labrum and neural development in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum

2020

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“…2E) and we therefore looked earlier in development to understand how this severe phenotype arose. We observed that the formation of the primary thickening occurs normally at stage 4 (27, 28, 29), but subsequently the cumulus, the group of mesenchymal cells that arise as the primary thickening at the centre of the germ disc, fails to migrate properly to the rim of the germ disc during stage 5 (Fig. S4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…In P. tepidariorum, decapentaplegic ( dpp ) and Ets4 are required for cumulus formation (29, 30). To investigate if Sox21b-1 is involved in the formation of this cell cluster we assayed the expression of dpp and ets4 in Sox21b-1 RNAi knockdown embryos.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, despite these ambiguities it is clear that the Dichaete and Sox21b class genes in all arthropods examined to date are closely related and likely arose from a duplication in the common ancestor of this phylum (see 47 for discussion). Note that in insects Dichaete , Sox21a and Sox21b are clustered (29), however, while Dichaete and Sox21a are also clustered in P. tepidariorum , the Sox21b paralogs are dispersed in the genome of this spider (21). We believe it is highly significant that two very closely related SoxB genes are involved in segmentation in both the spider P. tepidariorum and in insects, pointing to an ancient role for this subfamily of Sox genes in invertebrates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A SoxB gene acts as an anterior gap gene and regulates posterior segment addition in the spiderParasteatoda tepidariorum

Paese

Schoenauer

Leite

et al. 2018

Preprint

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SummaryThe Sox gene family encode a set of highly conserved HMG domain transcription factors that regulate many key processes during metazoan embryogenesis. In insects, the SoxB gene Dichaete is the only Sox gene known to be involved in embryonic segmentation. To determine if similar mechanisms are used in other arthropods, we investigated the role of Sox genes during segmentation in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. While Dichaete does not appear to be involved in spider segmentation, RNAi knockdown of the closely related Sox21b-1 gene results in a gap like phenotype in the developing prosoma and also perturbs the sequential addition of opisthosomal segments. We show that this is in part due to a role for Sox21b-1 in regulating the expression of Wnt8 and influencing Delta-Notch signalling during the formation of the segment addition zone. Thus, we have found that two different mechanisms for segmentation in a non-mandibulate arthropod are regulated by a Group B Sox gene. Our work provides new insights into the function of an important and conserved gene family across arthropods, and the evolution of the regulation of segmentation in these animals.

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“…Developmental processes are regulated by the action of developmental gene products. While the genetic underpinnings of early spider embryonic development, such as axis formation (Akiyama- Oda and Oda 2006;Oda et al 2019;Pechmann et al 2017), segmentation (Paese et al 2018;Pechmann et al 2011;Schönauer et al 2016;Stollewerk et al 2003), or visual system development (Samadi et al 2015;Schomburg et al 2015), are being revealed these days, the genetic mechanisms regulating sex determination are entirely unclear. In general, the sex in animals can be defined by environmental cues, by genetic factors or a combination thereof.…”

Section: Developmental Genetics Underlying Sex Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in spiders: from phenotype to genomics

et al. 2020

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Sexual reproduction is pervasive in animals and has led to the evolution of sexual dimorphism. In most animals, males and females show marked differences in primary and secondary sexual traits. The formation of sex-specific organs and eventually sex-specific behaviors is defined during the development of an organism. Sex determination processes have been extensively studied in a few well-established model organisms. While some key molecular regulators are conserved across animals, the initiation of sex determination is highly diverse. To reveal the mechanisms underlying the development of sexual dimorphism and to identify the evolutionary forces driving the evolution of different sexes, sex determination mechanisms must thus be studied in detail in many different animal species beyond the typical model systems. In this perspective article, we argue that spiders represent an excellent group of animals in which to study sex determination mechanisms. We show that spiders are sexually dimorphic in various morphological, behavioral, and life history traits. The availability of an increasing number of genomic and transcriptomic resources and functional tools provides a great starting point to scrutinize the extensive sexual dimorphism present in spiders on a mechanistic level. We provide an overview of the current knowledge of sex determination in spiders and propose approaches to reveal the molecular and genetic underpinnings of sexual dimorphism in these exciting animals.

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A novel role for Ets4 in axis specification and cell migration in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum

Cited by 31 publications

References 48 publications

six3 acts upstream of foxQ2 in labrum and neural development in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum

six3 acts upstream of foxQ2 in labrum and neural development in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum

A SoxB gene acts as an anterior gap gene and regulates posterior segment addition in the spiderParasteatoda tepidariorum

Sex differences in spiders: from phenotype to genomics

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