A novel psittacid herpesvirus found in African grey parrots (<i>Psittacus erithacus erithacus</i>)

Styles, Darrel K.; Tomaszewski, Elizabeth K.; Phalen, David N.

doi:10.1080/03079450500059032

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…18 Recently, a novel Psittacid herpesvirus strain was isolated from the mucosal papillomas of neotropical parrots 21 and from cloacal and cutaneous papillomas of African grey parrots. 22 However, there have been reports of a different herpesvirus of parakeets that has tropism for the lower respiratory tract, with no hepatic or significant upper-respiratory-tract involvement. One was from the United States, 9 in a Bourke's parakeet, and the other was from Japan.…”

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confidence: 99%

Respiratory herpesvirus infection in two Indian Ringneck parakeets

Lazic

Ackermann

Drahos³

et al. 2008

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. A flock of Indian Ringneck parakeets (Psittacula krameri manillensis) was imported to the United States from Australia. Soon after, 1 parakeet suddenly died, and a second parakeet died after a 2-day course of illness, which consisted of anorexia, lethargy, emaciation, and dyspnea. At necropsy, the affected birds had diffuse consolidation and red discoloration of the lungs, as well as thickened, congested air sacs. The microscopic examination revealed multifocal, necrotizing bronchitis, parabronchitis, and interstitial pneumonia. The lumen of the affected airways contained numerous, large syncytial cells with up to 15 nuclei. The nuclei of these syncytial cells often contained large, eosinophilic inclusion bodies, consistent with herpesvirus. The epithelium of the trachea and air sacs was hypertrophied and contained syncytial cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies similar to the bronchi. In addition, a few intranuclear inclusion bodies were also present in the epithelial cells that line the air capillaries. On ultrastructural examination, the nuclei of degenerating epithelial cells contained clusters of viral nucleocapsid proteins and unenveloped, icosahedral, viral particles that were approximately 90 nm in diameter. In addition, some epithelial cells contained clusters of enveloped viral particles approximately 105 nm in diameter, within the cytocavitary network. These lesions are characteristic of those caused by respiratory herpesvirus of parakeets.

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Respiratory herpesvirus infection in two Indian Ringneck parakeets

Lazic

Ackermann

Drahos³

et al. 2008

J VET Diagn Invest

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“…In the other 2 parrots, PsHV-2 was detected in a mucosal and cutaneous papilloma. Papillomas in African grey parrots are rare, so it was uncertain whether they are rare because PsHV-2 infections are rare, or because papillomas are a rare manifestation of PsHV-2 infection 12 . Three out of 12 African grey parrots examined in this study were infected with PsHV-2, suggesting that infection with this virus is relatively common and that if PsHV-2 does cause papillomas, it is rare for it to do so.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PCR was performed as described using PsHV UL16/17 forward primer, 59-TGCGTGGGGTTAAACTCGGAAC-39, and reverse primer, 59-CGACTACACGAGCCTAACATC-39. 12 The original reaction was followed by a second, seminested PCR reaction using 2 ml of the first reaction mix, an internal primer (59-CGACTTCTCAACGACGTC-39) and the reverse primer and identical reagent volumes and concentrations. Final primer concentrations were 25 mM for both PCR reactions.…”

Section: Repeat Testing Of Previously Positive Parrotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 The ability to detect all PsHV-1 genotypes by PCR has been further improved with the development of a single semi-nested set of PCR primers that can detect all known PsHV-1 variants. 12 This development led to the unexpected detection of a novel a-herpesvirus, psittacid herpesvirus-2 (PsHV-2). The sequence of the amplified DNA from PsHV-2 differs from the most closely related PsHV-1 by more than 20%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tissue Distribution of Psittacid Herpesviruses in Latently Infected Parrots, Repeated Sampling of Latently Infected Parrots and Prevalence of Latency in Parrots Submitted for Necropsy

2006

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Abstract. Psittacid herpesvirus-1 (PsHV-1) is the cause of an acute fatal disease in parrots and is implicated as the cause of papillomatous lesions of the digestive tract. Not all infections cause disease and some parrots are infected asymptomatically. Latently infected parrots are potential sources for virus dissemination. Tissues from parrots that died spontaneously with a history of coming from flocks where a PsHV-1 outbreak had occurred were examined for PsHV-1 DNA. Fourteen of 16 parrots examined were infected with at least 1 variant of PsHV-1; of these 13 (93%) had viral DNA in either or both the oral and cloacal mucosa, suggesting that most latently infected parrots could be detected by sampling these sites. Nine of 9 parrots shown to be infected 5 years prior to this study were positive again on repeat sampling and were infected with the same virus genotype. Opportunistic sampling of parrots submitted for diagnostic necropsy indicated that the prevalence of PsHV-1 in parrots in the sampled population was approximately 9.3%. PsHV-1 genotypes 1, 2, and 3 were found in these birds, but genotype 4 was not. Six necropsy specimens were found to be infected with two PsHV-1 genotypes and it was concluded that infection with one serotype did not protect against infection with another. Psittacid herpesvirus 2 (PsHV-2) was identified in 4 African grey parrots and a blue and gold macaw. Prior to this study PsHV-2 had only been found in African grey parrots.

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“…Amongst psittacine birds, 3 distinct species of herpesviridae have been categorized: psittacid herpesvirus (PsHV) 1 and 2, 9 as well as a recently recognized herpesvirus isolated from Bourke's parrots (Neopsephotus bourkii) in the United States, 8 tentatively called PsHV-3 is the only genetically characterized herpesvirus that has been shown to cause respiratory disease in parrots. It is a member of the Iltovirus genus of the Alphaherpesvirus family and was identified in an outbreak of respiratory disease in Bourke's parrots in 2011.…”

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Psittacid Herpesvirus 3 Infection in the Eclectus Parrot (Eclectus roratus) in Australia

Gabor

Peacock³

et al. 2013

Vet Pathol

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Psittacid herpesvirus 3 (PsHV-3) has recently been implicated as the cause of a severe respiratory disease in Bourke's parrots (Neopsephotus bourkii) in the United States. In this report, the clinical manifestations and gross and microscopic lesions of PsHV-3 infection in 2 eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus) in Australia are described. The presence of a PsHV-3 infection was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of PsHV-3 DNA using degenerate and PsHV-3 primers. Electron microscopy of infected cells demonstrated the assembly of herpesvirus virions as well as intranuclear tubular structures. The detection of PsHV-3 in Australia in 2 eclectus parrots broadens the list of known affected species and confirms the presence of this virus in Australia.

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A novel psittacid herpesvirus found in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus)

Cited by 26 publications

References 14 publications

Respiratory herpesvirus infection in two Indian Ringneck parakeets

Respiratory herpesvirus infection in two Indian Ringneck parakeets

Tissue Distribution of Psittacid Herpesviruses in Latently Infected Parrots, Repeated Sampling of Latently Infected Parrots and Prevalence of Latency in Parrots Submitted for Necropsy

Psittacid Herpesvirus 3 Infection in the Eclectus Parrot (Eclectus roratus) in Australia

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