A Novel Potassium‐Ion‐Based Dual‐Ion Battery

Ji, Bifa; Zhai, Fan; Song, Xiaohe; Tang, Yongbing

doi:10.1002/adma.201700519

Cited by 532 publications

(338 citation statements)

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“…Consequently, novel battery systems such as sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), [3] aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs), [4] and dual-ion batteries (DIBs) [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] characterized by higher abundance and lower cost have attracted extensive attentions. [2] However, the shortage of Li resources, its uneven geographical distribution as well as the growing cost have also become great issues to be solved, which have triggered scientists to investigate renewable alternatives for energy storage.…”

Section: Dual-ion Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[14] However, as the research on KIBs is still at the infancy stage, the mechanisms at an atomic scale and interfaces are unclear. Therefore, developing suitable electrode materials with good performance as well as comprehensively investigating the mechanism are of great importance.On the other hand, another new type of battery called dual-ion battery (DIB) [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] also arouses scientists' concern, which generally consists of dual graphitic carbon electrodes. Therefore, developing suitable electrode materials with good performance as well as comprehensively investigating the mechanism are of great importance.…”

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“…are intercalated/deintercalated into graphite anode and graphite cathode, respectively, during the charging/discharging process in the dual-graphite DIB. Consequently, novel battery systems such as sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), [3] aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs), [4] and dual-ion batteries (DIBs) [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] characterized by higher abundance and lower cost have attracted extensive attentions. In addition, the high working voltage (mainly above 4.5 V) [5] of the DIB caused by high anion intercalation potential is also beneficial for high energy density.…”

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A Dual‐Carbon Battery Based on Potassium‐Ion Electrolyte

Zhang

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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with SIBs, potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) deliver a higher working voltage due to the lower redox potential of K + /K (−2.92 V vs SHE) than that of Na + /Na (−2.71 V vs SHE). [14] In addition, K + has been demonstrated to be reversibly intercalated/ deintercalated into graphite anode, while very limited amounts of Na + could. [14] However, as the research on KIBs is still at the infancy stage, the mechanisms at an atomic scale and interfaces are unclear. In addition, owing to the large size of K + that would cause sluggish kinetics, only a few of cathode materials (Prussian blue and its analogues) [16] and anode materials (graphite, [14] Sn 4 P 3 /C) [13] were investigated. Therefore, developing suitable electrode materials with good performance as well as comprehensively investigating the mechanism are of great importance.On the other hand, another new type of battery called dual-ion battery (DIB) [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] also arouses scientists' concern, which generally consists of dual graphitic carbon electrodes. Owing to the intrinsic redox amphotericity of graphitic carbon materials, both cations (Li + ) and anions (PF 6 − , BF 4 − , TFSI − , etc.) are intercalated/deintercalated into graphite anode and graphite cathode, respectively, during the charging/discharging process in the dual-graphite DIB. Apparently, the dual-graphite DIBs show advantages in terms of low cost, good safety, and environmental friendliness. In addition, the high working voltage (mainly above 4.5 V) [5] of the DIB caused by high anion intercalation potential is also beneficial for high energy density. Extensive researches on DIBs have been focused on exploiting high-capacity cathode materials, [6c] alternative anode materials, [6a,7-11] as well as suitable electrolyte compositions, [5] and great progresses on their development have been made.In this work, on the purpose of combining both advantages of KIBs and DIBs, we first report a dual-carbon battery (DCB) based on a potassium-ion electrolyte (1 m KPF 6 in carbonate solvent), using expanded graphite (EG) as cathode material and mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) as anode. The working mechanism of the as-prepared K-ion-based dual-carbon battery (named as K-DCB) was investigated, which was further demonstrated to deliver a reversible discharge capacity of 61 mA h g −1 at 1 C (1 C corresponding to 100 mA g −1 ) current rate and also show good cycling performance for 100 cycles with negligible capacity decay. Moreover, the battery works reversibly and stably over a wide voltage window of 3.0-5.2 V with medium discharge voltage of 4.5 V, the highest value among the reported KIBs. [12][13][14][15][16] Figure 1a schematically shows the working mechanism of the K-DCB configuration utilizing an EG cathode and MCMB Although potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) have been considered to be promising alternatives to conventional lithium-ion batteries due to large abundance and low cost of potassium resources, their development still stays at the infancy stage due to the lack of appropriate cathode and anod...

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Section: Dual-ion Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Dual‐Carbon Battery Based on Potassium‐Ion Electrolyte

Zhang

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…The primary conclusion is that the molarity of the electrolyte is the most useful variable, in addition to the capacity of the graphite, for improving the energy density of GDIBs because of the capacity-limiting effect of the electrolyte. [24,26,30,[41][42][43]56,[68][69][70][71][72] We would like to emphasize that currently, no common methodology exists for reporting cell-level energy density for various GDIBs. Energy Mater.…”

Section: Lithium Sodium and Potassium Gdibsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rechargeable Dual‐Ion Batteries with Graphite as a Cathode: Key Challenges and Opportunities

Kravchyk

Kovalenko

2019

Advanced Energy Materials

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friendliness. Additionally, there are numerous additional electrochemical battery performance characteristics that play an equally important role such as longterm cycling performance (cycle life), calendar life, Coulombic efficiency (measure for charge loss due to irreversible side reactions), energy efficiency, and the performance at different charge/discharge rates or at different temperatures. From this perspective, researchers constantly explore new anode and cathode materials for existing battery technologies as well as conceive new electrochemical energy storage concepts. In this context, the last two decades have seen a surge of reports on various low-cost anodes and cathodes for Li-ion and post-Li-ion batteries (Na-, K-, Ca-, Mg-, and Al-ion batteries). Moreover, new electrochemical concepts called graphite dual-ion batteries (GDIBs) have recently attracted significant attention. GDIBs show high potential for the use in grid-scale energy storage applications due to their low cost, relatively high energy densities of up to ≈200 Wh kg −1 and cyclic stability (thousands of cycles and potentially more). In this review, we provide an introduction to the basics of GDIBs. In particular, we discuss their operating mechanisms and cover the topic of energy density calculations. In addition, we highlight the importance of correct reporting of the performance metrics with respect to the energy density of GDIBs. Next, we discuss in detail factors governing the electrochemical performance of graphite cathodes in dual-ion batteries, such as graphite structure, morphology, and particle size. The factors that impact the voltage of electrochemical anion intercalation/deintercalation into graphite will be described as well. With respect to the practical application of the GDIBs, the current collector issues and volume changes of GDIBs will be discussed in the final sections. Historical AspectsAlthough GDIBs may appear to be newcomers in battery research, they have a long and tangible history. The concept of GDIBs was introduced in the patents of McCullough et al. [1,2] in 1989. The experimental example consisted of two graphite electrodes acting as an anode and a cathode, and a 15 wt% solution of LiClO 4 in propylene carbonate acting as an electrolyte. The oxidation and reduction of cathodic and anodic graphite electrodes occur with concomitant intercalation of Li + cations and ClO 4 − anions, respectively. The latter process is known as the formation of donor-type (cationic) or acceptor-type (anionic) graphite intercalation compounds (GICs). Some years later, in the 1990s, the intercalation of various anions into graphite Rechargeable graphite dual-ion batteries (GDIBs) have attracted the attention of electrochemists and material scientists in recent years due to their low cost and high-performance metrics, such as high power density (≈3-175 kW kg −1 ), energy efficiency (≈80-90%), long cycling life, and high energy density (up to 200 Wh kg −1 ), suited for grid-level stationary storage of electricity.The key feature of GD...

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“…[18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Among the large family of cations, lithium acts as the lightest charge carrier in nonaqueous electrolyte systems. However, lithium has to face its unfortunate fate of being a limited resource in the world.…”

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Carbon Derived from Pine Needles as a Na⁺‐Storage Electrode Material in Dual‐Ion Batteries

Wang

Zheng

et al. 2017

Global Challenges

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electrodes. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Among the large family of cations, lithium acts as the lightest charge carrier in nonaqueous electrolyte systems. However, lithium has to face its unfortunate fate of being a limited resource in the world. Hence, sodium has received increased attention as an alternative choice mainly because of its abundance and its similar physical and chemical properties to lithium. [25][26][27] Therefore, the application of a Na + -based organic electrolyte may be a valuable strategy for the development of DIBs in the future. It is noteworthy that the state-of-the-art positive electrode materials based on sodium storage can deliver capacity values generally less than 150 mAh g −1 in potential ranges lower than 4 V versus Na/Na + . [28,29] Thus, the excellence of positive graphite electrodes will become more competitive in sodium-based DIBs.For DIBs, in contrast with the increased number of reports about anion intercalation within graphite, [30][31][32] the investigations of anodes are insufficient. In theory, anode active materials with distinguished Na + storage capacities in the low potential range can match the performance of positive graphite electrodes. Carbon materials should be a promising candidate for this task considering the safety of the devices they are utilized in, the availability of raw materials, and other factors. [33] Lu and co-workers have reported that soft carbon is a highperformance anode material for sodium-based DIBs. [34] Based on the above, we predicted that hard carbon and graphite will also become an appropriate couple. Nevertheless, researchers are plagued by the high production cost and complex synthesis procedures for synthesizing hard carbon. [35] For the sake of tackling this issue, employing biomass resources to synthesize carbon materials is an available and convenient strategy. [36][37][38][39][40] Biomass materials can exhibit multilevel, multidimensional, and hierarchical porous structures, which can be reserved in the derived carbons and are favorable for the penetration of electrolytes and ion diffusion. [41] During synthesis, they can be used as their own templates, which solves many problems (e.g., the complicated processes, long periods, expensive raw materials, and pollution involved using other materials) caused by adopting artificial templates. [42][43][44] In addition, natural biomaterials contain heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, boron, and phosphorous, that can provide extra active sites for Na + storage. In this paper, we synthesized hard carbon by simply calcining pine needles without activation ( Figure S1, Supporting information). Dried pine needles contain crude protein, fat, fiber, and various sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose, and sucrose), [45] which are all carbon sources. Moreover, pine needles are slender. The Pine needles are used as the precursor material to prepare hard carbon. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and N 2 adsorption-desorption tests are carried out to characterize the surface, crystal, and pore...

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A Novel Potassium‐Ion‐Based Dual‐Ion Battery

Cited by 532 publications

References 62 publications

A Dual‐Carbon Battery Based on Potassium‐Ion Electrolyte

A Dual‐Carbon Battery Based on Potassium‐Ion Electrolyte

Rechargeable Dual‐Ion Batteries with Graphite as a Cathode: Key Challenges and Opportunities

Carbon Derived from Pine Needles as a Na⁺‐Storage Electrode Material in Dual‐Ion Batteries

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A Novel Potassium‐Ion‐Based Dual‐Ion Battery

Cited by 532 publications

References 62 publications

A Dual‐Carbon Battery Based on Potassium‐Ion Electrolyte

A Dual‐Carbon Battery Based on Potassium‐Ion Electrolyte

Rechargeable Dual‐Ion Batteries with Graphite as a Cathode: Key Challenges and Opportunities

Carbon Derived from Pine Needles as a Na+‐Storage Electrode Material in Dual‐Ion Batteries

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Carbon Derived from Pine Needles as a Na⁺‐Storage Electrode Material in Dual‐Ion Batteries