A novel polypropylene composite filled by kaolin particles with β-nucleation

Li, Mei; Chen, Yaoguang; Wu, Lijun; Zhang, Zishou; Mai, Kancheng

doi:10.1007/s10973-018-7294-8

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…After adding nucleating agent, heterogeneous nucleation made the nucleation growth rate increase rapidly, so the total crystallization rate can be greatly improved. The relationship between crystallization time t and sample temperature T can be written as formula (7) Figure 7. The relationship between the cooling time and the relative content of β-crystal K β at different cooling rates.…”

Section: Characterization Of Wide-angle X-ray Diffraction (Waxd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relationship between the cooling time and the relative content of β-crystal K β at different cooling rates. t ¼ ðT 0 À T Þ=T cr (7) T cr is the cooling rate during non-isothermal crystallization, °C/min. The relationship between K β and crystallization time t can be obtained by the thermal curve of non-isothermal crystallization process transform into time function.…”

Section: Characterization Of Wide-angle X-ray Diffraction (Waxd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At present, there are four ways to obtain β-PP crystal structure, namely, high undercooling, 2 shear or stretch field, 3,4 temperature gradient, 5 and nucleating agent. [6][7][8] Among them, the method of adding nucleating agent is simple and efficient. In addition, nucleating agent can also play a role in refining crystal grains, and increasing fracture strength and tensile resistance, so it is widely used in the industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of rare earth nucleating agent on supercritical CO₂ foaming behavior of block copolymerized polypropylene

Zhang

Xin

et al. 2021

Cellular Polymers

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The rare earth nucleating agent was used to modify block copolymerized polypropylene (PPB) in foaming process. The results show that the crystallization of PPB and the melting temperature of β-crystal increased gradually with increased β-crystal nucleating agent content. The total crystallinity decreased with amount of addition increasing, and the relative content of β-crystal increased first and then decreased. When β-crystal nucleating agent content was 0.4 wt%, the relative β-crystal content reached the maximum value of 95.27%, and the final crystal grain refinement significantly. The addition of rare earth β-crystal nucleating agent has a good effect on improving the uniformity of foam cells. Under the same content of β-crystal nucleating agent and pressure, the average cell diameter and expansion ratio increased with the saturation temperature increasing. After the foaming temperature reaches 155°C, the expansion ratio began to decrease, which was also consistent with the changed trend of relative β-crystal content. At the same content of temperature and relative β-crystal, as the foaming pressure increased, the cell diameter decreased gradually, and the expansion ratio increased first, and then decreased.

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Section: Characterization Of Wide-angle X-ray Diffraction (Waxd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterization Of Wide-angle X-ray Diffraction (Waxd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of rare earth nucleating agent on supercritical CO₂ foaming behavior of block copolymerized polypropylene

Zhang

Xin

et al. 2021

Cellular Polymers

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“…Although conventional modification methods for inorganic filler particles overcome issues of low particle dispersion and insufficient interfacial compatibility between the filler and polymer matrix, the conventional small-molecule modifiers easily migrate from the interface to the surface of polymer composites. The van der Waals forces between typical modified inorganic filler particles and the polymer matrix are weak and the mechanical properties of the polymer composites are not improved significantly [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Studies have shown that increasing the alkyl chain length of the surface improves the interactions between the particles and the polymer matrix [ 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PMMA-Grafted Calcium Sulfate Whiskers for Applications as Fillers in PVC

Líu

Nie

et al. 2022

Polymers

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Calcium sulfate whiskers (CSWs) were hydroxylated with a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and isolated for subsequent treatment with an ethanolic 3-(methacryloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane (KH570) solution to introduce C=C double bonds on the CSWs’ surfaces. Then, CSW-g-PMMA was prepared by grafting polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) onto the surface of modified CSW using in situ dispersion polymerization. The CSW-g-PMMA was used as a filler and melt-blended with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to prepare PVC-based composites. The surface chemical structure, PMMA grafting rate, and hydrophobic properties of CSW-g-PMMA were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and water contact angle measurements, respectively. The effects of the CSW-g-PMMA filler on the mechanical properties of the CSW-PMMA/PVC composites were also investigated. The results showed that NaOH treatment significantly increased the number of hydroxyl groups on the surface of the CSWs, which facilitated the introduction of KH570. PMMA was successfully grafted onto the KH570 with a grafting rate of 14.48% onto the surface of the CSWs. The CSW-g-PMMA had good interfacial compatibility and adhesion properties with the PVC matrix. The tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of the CSW-g-PMMA/PVC composite reached 39.28 MPa, 45.69 MPa, and 7.05 kJ/m2, respectively, which were 38.55%, 30.99%, and 20.10% higher than those of the CSW/PVC composite and 54.52%, 40.80%, and 32.52% higher than those of pure PVC, respectively. This work provides a new method for surface modification of inorganic fillers, resource utilization, and high value-added application of CSWs from phosphogypsum.

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“…One of the thermoplastic polymers' most frequently used modification methods is their application as a matrix in polymer composites. The scope of the research carried out and the introduction of powder or fibrous fillers included both the use of inorganic materials and plant-based fillers [4][5][6][7][8]. While quite a lot of attention is paid to the use of waste fillers of plant origin, at the same time, one should bear in mind the need to utilize inorganic compounds generated, among others, during production and technological processes in the metallurgical and mining industries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermomechanical and Fire Properties of Polyethylene-Composite-Filled Ammonium Polyphosphate and Inorganic Fillers: An Evaluation of Their Modification Efficiency

et al. 2022

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The development of new polymer compositions characterized by a reduced environmental impact while lowering the price for applications in large-scale production requires the search for solutions based on the reduction in the polymer content in composites’ structure, as well as the use of fillers from sustainable sources. The study aimed to comprehensively evaluate introducing low-cost inorganic fillers, such as copper slag (CS), basalt powder (BP), and expanded vermiculite (VM), into the flame-retarded ammonium polyphosphate polyethylene composition (PE/APP). The addition of fillers (5–20 wt%) increased the stiffness and hardness of PE/APP, both at room and at elevated temperatures, which may increase the applicability range of the flame retardant polyethylene. The deterioration of composites’ tensile strength and impact strength induced by the presence of inorganic fillers compared to the unmodified polymer is described in detail. The addition of BP, CS, and VM with the simultaneous participation of APP with a total share of 40 wt% caused only a 3.1, 4.6, and 3 MPa decrease in the tensile strength compared to the reference value of 23 MPa found for PE. In turn, the cone calorimeter measurements allowed for the observation of a synergistic effect between APP and VM, reducing the peak heat rate release (pHRR) by 60% compared to unmodified PE. Incorporating fillers with a similar thermal stability but differing particle size distribution and shape led to additional information on their effectiveness in changing the properties of polyethylene. Critical examinations of changes in the mechanical and thermomechanical properties related to the structure analysis enabled the definition of the potential application perspectives analyzed in terms of burning behavior in a cone calorimetry test. Adding inorganic fillers derived from waste significantly reduces the flammability of composites with a matrix of thermoplastic polymers while increasing their sustainability and lowering their price without considerably reducing their mechanical properties, which allows for assigning developed materials as a replacement for flame-retarded polyethylene in large-scale non-loaded parts.

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A novel polypropylene composite filled by kaolin particles with β-nucleation

Cited by 12 publications

References 37 publications

Effect of rare earth nucleating agent on supercritical CO₂ foaming behavior of block copolymerized polypropylene

Effect of rare earth nucleating agent on supercritical CO₂ foaming behavior of block copolymerized polypropylene

PMMA-Grafted Calcium Sulfate Whiskers for Applications as Fillers in PVC

Thermomechanical and Fire Properties of Polyethylene-Composite-Filled Ammonium Polyphosphate and Inorganic Fillers: An Evaluation of Their Modification Efficiency

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A novel polypropylene composite filled by kaolin particles with β-nucleation

Cited by 12 publications

References 37 publications

Effect of rare earth nucleating agent on supercritical CO2 foaming behavior of block copolymerized polypropylene

Effect of rare earth nucleating agent on supercritical CO2 foaming behavior of block copolymerized polypropylene

PMMA-Grafted Calcium Sulfate Whiskers for Applications as Fillers in PVC

Thermomechanical and Fire Properties of Polyethylene-Composite-Filled Ammonium Polyphosphate and Inorganic Fillers: An Evaluation of Their Modification Efficiency

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Effect of rare earth nucleating agent on supercritical CO₂ foaming behavior of block copolymerized polypropylene

Effect of rare earth nucleating agent on supercritical CO₂ foaming behavior of block copolymerized polypropylene