Abstract:The aim of this study was to investigate the scope of the recently developed polymerization molding system for polyamide 12 (PA12), especially with respect to the formation of carbon fiber-reinforced PA12 composites. Initial screening of PA12 composite formation was performed by means of an internal mixer in order to identify the suitable type of surface-treated carbon fiber (CF). The content of residual lauryllactam (LL) monomer reflected the influence of the CF-treatment on the polymerization molding involvi… Show more
“…Pilot plants for the liquid injection of laurolactam were proposed in the early 2000s. Rosso et al [ 56 ] constructed a pilot plant (Figure 13) similar to single‐component TP‐RTM machines, whereas Mairtin et al [ 53 ] proposed a multicomponent machine with a mixing head. There seems to be no consensus on single‐ or multicomponent RTM machines for laurolactam/PA‐12 systems.…”
Section: Reactive Thermoplastic Systems In Tp‐rtm Processmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The mold was heated and kept closed with a press unit. Source : figure adapted based on reference 56 …”
Section: Reactive Thermoplastic Systems In Tp‐rtm Processmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The first system involved N,Nethylenebisstearmide as the activator and sodium hydride as the catalyst, as supplied by ATOFINA (France); the second system was based on the carbodiimide liquid activator Grilonit LA (EMS-Chemie). [56] Both reactive systems were heated at 170 C into the tank and were injected into a mold at 270 C. After 10 min, the mold was cooled with water and the plates were demolded. The flexural tests showed similar flexural strengths for both reactive systems at ~300 MPa.…”
The recycling of thermoset-based composites is challenging. The replacement of thermosetting resins with thermoplastics is an initial step to address this issue, together with the use of green reinforcements. Owing to the recent development of low-viscosity thermoplastic resins, it is possible to produce thermoplastic matrix composites using the resin transfer molding (RTM) technique, which was originally conceived for the production of thermosetting matrix composites. These resins are based on cyclic esters, methyl methacrylate, and cyclic (butylene terephthalate) oligomers. This review presents the state-of-the-art works reported on the production of thermoplastic matrix composites via a thermoplastic RTM (TP-RTM) process, from the in situ polymerization of the resins through the optimization of the TP-RTM parameters for the evaluation of the composite properties.
“…Pilot plants for the liquid injection of laurolactam were proposed in the early 2000s. Rosso et al [ 56 ] constructed a pilot plant (Figure 13) similar to single‐component TP‐RTM machines, whereas Mairtin et al [ 53 ] proposed a multicomponent machine with a mixing head. There seems to be no consensus on single‐ or multicomponent RTM machines for laurolactam/PA‐12 systems.…”
Section: Reactive Thermoplastic Systems In Tp‐rtm Processmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The mold was heated and kept closed with a press unit. Source : figure adapted based on reference 56 …”
Section: Reactive Thermoplastic Systems In Tp‐rtm Processmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The first system involved N,Nethylenebisstearmide as the activator and sodium hydride as the catalyst, as supplied by ATOFINA (France); the second system was based on the carbodiimide liquid activator Grilonit LA (EMS-Chemie). [56] Both reactive systems were heated at 170 C into the tank and were injected into a mold at 270 C. After 10 min, the mold was cooled with water and the plates were demolded. The flexural tests showed similar flexural strengths for both reactive systems at ~300 MPa.…”
The recycling of thermoset-based composites is challenging. The replacement of thermosetting resins with thermoplastics is an initial step to address this issue, together with the use of green reinforcements. Owing to the recent development of low-viscosity thermoplastic resins, it is possible to produce thermoplastic matrix composites using the resin transfer molding (RTM) technique, which was originally conceived for the production of thermosetting matrix composites. These resins are based on cyclic esters, methyl methacrylate, and cyclic (butylene terephthalate) oligomers. This review presents the state-of-the-art works reported on the production of thermoplastic matrix composites via a thermoplastic RTM (TP-RTM) process, from the in situ polymerization of the resins through the optimization of the TP-RTM parameters for the evaluation of the composite properties.
“…Reactive processes for the manufacturing of short-fiber-reinforced composite parts, such as reinforced reaction injection molding (RRIM) [28,[51][52][53], are discussed in the literature. The mixture is infused onto the dry fiber bed, which is placed between two solid mold halves, at high pressure (8-10 bar) (see Figure 2a) [24,[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]. The process is closely related to Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) of thermoset composites [43].…”
To move toward eco-sustainable and circular composites, one of the most effective solutions is to create thermoplastic composites. The strong commitment of world organizations in the field of safeguarding the planet has directed the research of these materials toward production processes with a lower environmental impact and a strong propensity to recycle the polymeric part. Under its chemical properties, Nylon 6 is the polymer that best satisfies this specific trade-off. The most common production processes that use a thermosetting matrix are described. Subsequently, the work aimed at investigating the use of thermoplastics in the same processes to obtain comparable performances with the materials that are currently used. Particular attention was given to the in situ anionic polymerization process of Nylon 6, starting from the ε-caprolactam monomer. The dependencies of the process parameters, such as temperature, time, pressure, humidity, and concentration of initiators and activators, were therefore investigated with reference to the vacuum infusion technique, currently optimized only to produce thermosetting matrix composites, but promising for the realization of thermoplastic matrix composite; this is the reason why we chose to focus our attention on the vacuum infusion. Finally, three production processes of the polymeric matrix and glass fiber composites were compared in terms of carbon footprint and cumulative energy demand (CED) through life-cycle assessment (LCA).
“…1,2 Recently, low viscous monomers (e.g. lauryllactam 3 and caprolactam 4 –8 ) or cyclic oligomers (e.g. cyclic butylene terephthalate (CBT) 9,10 ) have been reported and can form linear polymers via in situ ring-opening polymerization in the presence of a catalyst, which provides a new method to prepare continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites by LCM.…”
Continuous glass fiber (GF)-reinforced polymerized cyclic butylene terephthalate (pCBT) composites were prepared via vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding using butyltin tris(2-ethylhexanoate) as the catalyst. The relationship between melt viscosity and polymerization time was examined in the ring-opening polymerization of CBT resin. The effects of polymerization conditions such as catalyst content and polymerization temperature on viscosity average molar mass ( Mv), crystallization, mechanical properties, and microstructure of GF/pCBT composites were also investigated in detail. It is found that both high molecular weight and high degree of crystallinity of resin matrix can lead to high mechanical properties of composites. The composites prepared with 0.5% catalyst at 190°C show the best mechanical properties with tensile strength of 549 MPa, flexural strength of 585.2 MPa, and interlaminar shear strength of 47.1 MPa. The scanning electron microscopy analysis also demonstrates that good interfacial adhesion exists between fiber and resin, which agrees very well with experimental results.
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