A Novel Poly(vinyl alcohol)–tetraethylorthosilicate Hybrid Gel Electrolyte for Lead Storage Battery

Abstract

The gel electrolyte significantly influences gel valve-regulated lead acid battery performance. To address this, the paper describes the preparation of novel polymer gel electrolytes using poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) for valve-regulated lead–acid batteries. FTIR technique is used to confirm the chemical reaction between PVA and TEOS. Electrochemical analyses such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were applied to optimize the concentration of PVA-TEOS polymer gel electrolyte. The optimum concentration of polymer gel electrolyte was determined as 20 wt% of TEOS in PVA (PE-1) with higher anodic peak and lower Rs and Rct values. The Galvanostatic charge–discharge tests were performed on the optimized gel system prototype battery. The highest capacity of 6.86 × 10−5 Ah at a current density of 0.2 mA cm−2 was achieved with an excellent capacity retention ratio of 85.7% over 500 cycles. The exceptional cycle performance and high capacity make PVA-TEOS gel electrolyte a promising candidate for practical battery application.

The state of understanding of the electrochemical behaviours of a valve-regulated lead–acid battery comprising manganese dioxide-impregnated gel polymer electrolyte

“…30 Furthermore, the peaks at 1343 cm −1 and 878 cm −1 are associated with the stretching vibrations of SO and S–OH in H 2 SO 4 in the gel systems. 31,32…”

Graphene-Doped Hydrogels Promoting Ionic Conductivity in Gel-Valve-Regulated Lead Acid Batteries

“…At 1625 cm –1 , the CO carbonyl stretching vibration’s peak may be noticed. Further multiple bands that appeared in the spectra at 1166 and 1041 cm –1 were assigned to CO stretching vibrations. , With the addition of graphene in the PVA matrix, bands corresponding to the OH stretching vibration and CO stretching vibration shift to a higher wavenumber marginally. These results suggest that there exists trace hydrogen bonding between the PVA and graphene .…”

“…44 Furthermore, the peaks at 1333 and 878 cm −1 are associated with the stretching vibrations of S�O and S�OH in H 2 SO 4 in GPEs. 45 Ionic Conductivity Study. Ionic conductivity is the fundamental criterion for GPE and depends on mobile ions present in GPE.…”

Facilitating Ionic Conduction in the Valve‐Regulated Lead Acid Battery by Poly(vinyl alcohol)‐Halloysite Nano‐Clay Gel Polymer Electrolyte

“…[ 59 ] However, the peaks at 1338 and 874 cm −1 are associated with the stretching vibrations of S=O and S−OH in H 2 SO 4 in GPEs. [ 60 ] As the content of HNC increases, the intensity of these peaks gradually decreases. This may be attributed to the adsorption of sulfuric acid molecules onto the HNC surface.…”

“…The anodic potential at −0.43 V suggests the conversion of Pb to PbSO 4 and the cathodic potential at −0.38 V suggests the conversion of PbSO 4 to Pb which are the electrode reactions taking place in a lead acid battery. [ 63 ] Peak currents of 0.024, 0.026, 0.033, 0.086, and 0.057 A were recorded for G‐0, G‐1, G‐2, G‐3, and G‐4 respectively. From Figure 2h, it was observed that the highest anodic peak current was obtained for G‐3.…”