A Novel Point-of-Care Biomarker Recognition Method: Validation by Detecting Marker for Diabetic Nephropathy

Abstract

Biological fluid collection to identify and analyze different disease markers is a routine and normal procedure in health care settings. Body fluids are as varied as urine, blood, mucus, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), tears, semen, etc. The volumes of the collected fluids range from micro liters (e.g., tears, CSF) to tens and hundreds of milliliters (blood, urine, etc.). In some manifestations, a disease marker (particularly protein markers) can occur in trace amounts, yet the fluids collected are in large volumes. To identify these trace markers, cumbersome methods, expensive instruments, and trained personnel are required. We developed an easy method to rapidly capture, concentrate, and identify protein markers in large volumes of test fluids. This method involves the utilization of two antibodies recognizing two different epitopes of the protein biomarker. Antibody-1 helps to capture and concentrate the biomarker and Antibody-2 adsorbed or conjugated to nanogold beads will detect the biomarker. This method was validated in capturing and detecting lipocalin type prostaglandin-D2 synthase, a marker in urine that implicates diabetic nephropathy. A one-step collection, concentration, and detection device was designed based on this method. This device can replace many of the normal body fluid collection devices such as tubes and containers. A one-step fluid collection and biomarker capture and concentration device for rapid diagnosis of diseases has tremendous advantage in terms of cost and providing timely results.

Biomarcadores para la evaluación y diagnóstico del síndrome de ojo seco: una revisión

“…Desde que empezaron a ser estudiados, los biomarcadores constituyeron un instrumento cuantificable y útil para identificar procesos patogénicos, procesos biológicos y la efectividad de un tratamiento 15 , por lo tanto, podían ser empleados para prevenir, identificar o medir un riesgo 16 , así como diagnosticar, comprender mecanismos, evaluar la gravedad de una patología 17 y monitorear la enfermedad 18 ; es decir, que ante la presencia, ausencia o concentración elevada de algún biomarcador se podrá detectar un estado patológico incluso antes que éste inicie, o permitirá reconocer la efectividad de un tratamiento desde las primeras etapas de su aplicación. En consecuencia, un biomarcador reducirá la incertidumbre de una patología al identificar las pruebas diagnósticas que le permitirán detectar una condición clínica, para separar adecuadamente las personas sanas de las enfermas 19 ; en ese sentido, el biomarcador tendrá sensibilidad y especificidad para detectar una enfermedad 20 .…”

Identification of ferroptosis-related genes as potential diagnostic biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy based on bioinformatics

“…However, the specificity and reliability of these two indicators are limited ( Ali et al, 2022 ). In recent years, researchers have explored various biomarkers and molecular pathways associated with the development and progression of DN ( Pentyala et al, 2015 ; Liang et al, 2022 ). One area of interest in DN is the investigation of ferroptosis.…”

Benefits of Nanogold Injections to Treat Rheumatism Arthritis Complaints: A Case Study on Covid19 Clinical Test Volunteers

“…Increased glutathione activity is synonymous with increasing body immunity. Furthermore, cyanide toxins and free radicals are bound to nanogold and carried in the excretory system in both sweat and urine [11]. Thus the accumulation of cyanide toxins and free radicals is reduced during the treatment.…”