A novel photoanode based on Thorium oxide (ThO2) incorporated with graphitic Carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for Photoelectrochemical water splitting

Mohamed, Nurul Aida; Ismail, Aznan Fazli; Safaei, Javad; Johan, Mohd Rafie; Teridi, Mohd Asri Mat

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.151043

Cited by 27 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Additionally, the photoelectrocatalytic oxygen evolution performance is improved due to the facilitated transfer efficiency of photo-generated charge carriers, which can be ascribed to the deeper band bending and the remarkable trapping capability for electrons. Recently, doping engineering with Thorium Nitrate (ThO 2 ) during g−CN polymerization altered the chemical bonding, with the improved PEC activity ( Figure 9 a) [ 104 ]. The Sr-doped g−CN showed enhanced PEC activity [ 105 ].…”

Section: Functionalization Of G−cn Photoelectrodementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reprinted with permission from ref. [ 104 ] Copyright 2021 Elsevier. ( b ) Top-views of super-cell 3 × 3 pure g−CN (left) and B-doped g−CN with two C substituted by B at corner (middle) and bay (right) sites in a lattice with constants of a = b = 21.04 Å, c = 20.0 Å, and α = β = 90°, γ = 120° by DFT optimizations.…”

Section: Functionalization Of G−cn Photoelectrodementioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Progress on Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g−CN) Electrodes

Zhu

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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Graphitic carbon nitride (g−CN), a promising visible-light-responsive semiconductor material, is regarded as a fascinating photocatalyst and heterogeneous catalyst for various reactions due to its non-toxicity, high thermal durability and chemical durability, and “earth-abundant” nature. However, practical applications of g−CN in photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photoelectronic devices are still in the early stages of development due to the difficulties in fabricating high-quality g−CN layers on substrates, wide band gaps, high charge-recombination rates, and low electronic conductivity. Various fabrication and modification strategies of g−CN-based films have been reported. This review summarizes the latest progress related to the growth and modification of high-quality g−CN-based films. Furthermore, (1) the classification of synthetic pathways for the preparation of g−CN films, (2) functionalization of g−CN films at an atomic level (elemental doping) and molecular level (copolymerization), (3) modification of g−CN films with a co-catalyst, and (4) composite films fabricating, will be discussed in detail. Last but not least, this review will conclude with a summary and some invigorating viewpoints on the key challenges and future developments.

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Section: Functionalization Of G−cn Photoelectrodementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Functionalization Of G−cn Photoelectrodementioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g−CN) Electrodes

Zhu

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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“…A remarkable photoelectrode material should have advantages such as efficient charge separation efficiency and fast charge transfer characteristics. At present, researchers have developed many semiconductor materials, such as metal oxides (α-Fe 2 O 3, TiO 2, ZnO, and WO 3 ), metal sulfides (CdS and MoS 2 ), and non-metallic materials (g-C 3 N 4 ). The advantages and disadvantages of semiconductor materials are known to coexist, which leads to many problems in the application of PEC water splitting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of Lewis and Brønsted Acidic Sites to Enhance the Redox Ability of Nb₂O₅ Photoanodes for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Performance

Ruan

Guo

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Accelerated surface redox reaction and regulated carrier separation are the crux to the development of highly reactive oxide semiconductors for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. Here, we have selected Nb2O5 materials that combine unique surface acidity and semiconductor properties, and first used surface phosphorylation to change its surface acidic sites (Lewis and Brønsted acidic sites) to achieve efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. The resulting photoanode born from this strategy exhibits a high photocurrent density of 0.348 mA/cm2 at 1.23 VRHE, which is about 2-fold higher than that of the bare Nb2O5, and a cathodic shift of 60 mV. Detailed experimental results show that the large increase in the Lewis acidic site can effectively modulate the electronic structure of the active sites involved in catalysis in [NbO5] polyhedra and promote the activation of lattice oxygen. As a result, higher redox properties and the ability to inhibit carrier recombination are exhibited. In addition, the weakening of the Brønsted acidic site drives the reduction of protons in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and accelerates the reaction kinetics. This work advances the development of efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting on photoanodes driven by the effective use of surface acidity and provides a strategy for enhancing redox capacity to achieve highly active photoanodes.

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“…[1][2] Among these thorium compounds, thorium oxides can be used not only in nuclear energy but also as the gas lamp mantle, refractory, optical material, catalysts, etc. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The most stable oxidation state of thorium is + 4. So the most common oxide of thorium is ThO 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They found thorium monoxide ThO and dioxide ThO 2 were produced in this process. Both ThO and ThO 2 could further reacted with the water, forming HTh(OH) 3 and Th(OH) 4 as their products, respectively. Several matrix-isolated intermediates were confirmed by their infrared spectral data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactions of Thorium Oxide Clusters with Water: The Effects of Oxygen Content

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2022

ChemPhysChem

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Thorium oxide has many important applications in industry. In this article, theoretical calculations have been carried out to explore the hydrolysis reactions of the ThO n (n = 1-3) clusters. The reaction mechanisms of the O-deficient ThO and the O-rich ThO 3 are compared with the stoichiometric ThO 2 . The theoretical results show good agreement with the prior experiments. It is shown that the hydrolysis mainly occurred on the singlet potential surface. The overall reactions consist of two hydrolysis steps which are all favourable in energy. The effects of oxygen content on the hydrolysis are elucidated. Interestingly, among them, the peroxo group O 2 2À in ThO 3 is converted to the HOOÀ ligand, behaving like the terminal O 2À in the hydrolysis which is transformed into the HOÀ groups. In addition, natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses were employed to further understand the bonding of the pertinent species and to interpret the differences in hydrolysis.

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A novel photoanode based on Thorium oxide (ThO2) incorporated with graphitic Carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for Photoelectrochemical water splitting

Cited by 27 publications

References 83 publications

Recent Progress on Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g−CN) Electrodes

Recent Progress on Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g−CN) Electrodes

Modulation of Lewis and Brønsted Acidic Sites to Enhance the Redox Ability of Nb₂O₅ Photoanodes for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Performance

Reactions of Thorium Oxide Clusters with Water: The Effects of Oxygen Content

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A novel photoanode based on Thorium oxide (ThO2) incorporated with graphitic Carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for Photoelectrochemical water splitting

Cited by 27 publications

References 83 publications

Recent Progress on Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g−CN) Electrodes

Recent Progress on Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g−CN) Electrodes

Modulation of Lewis and Brønsted Acidic Sites to Enhance the Redox Ability of Nb2O5 Photoanodes for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Performance

Reactions of Thorium Oxide Clusters with Water: The Effects of Oxygen Content

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Modulation of Lewis and Brønsted Acidic Sites to Enhance the Redox Ability of Nb₂O₅ Photoanodes for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Performance