connected to the tag. Prior to connecting the tag, the standard short-open-load-thru (SOLT) calibration is performed and the reference plane is shifted to the tips of the probe.
Measurement ResultsThe impedance of the fabricated tags is measured using the twoport differential probe method. Table 2 summarizes the measured and simulated impedance values at 910 MHz. The measured data have a good agreement to the simulation data except for periodic variation along with the frequency, due to the imperfection in probe calibration. As mentioned in the previous section, the calibration was performed at the VNA port and not at the probe tip since no calibration standard was available. Therefore, the uncertainty from the VNA port to the probe tip persists and affects the impedance measurement results.The measured resistance is relatively lower than the simulated one for the automatically embroidered tag, possibly due to fabrication imperfections. Such lower resistance is observed during the simulation study when the thread connecting the characters or composing the T-matching circuit is shorter than the proposed value. The resistance also depends on the effective conductivity of the embroidered area. The effective conductivity might be decreased for the automatically fabricated tag as the threads are tightly bound to the substrate at the embroidered area, resulting in the decrease of the overall thickness.
CONCLUSIONWe reported a UHF RFID tag antenna designed on a fabric substrate. The tag pattern was composed of four alphabets meandered by conductive threads. Owing to the text-meandered geometry and zigzag threading structures, the size of the antenna could be as small as 56 mm 3 24 mm 3 0.45 mm, similar to the size of an ordinary nametag. Thus, the proposed tag can be readily attached on clothing for the use of human tracking and monitoring applications.A computerized sewing machine is used to fabricate the tag. A digitizing embroidery software imported the optimized model from a full-wave electromagnetic simulation tool and then convert it to a compatible format for automatic embroidering. This process reduced the time and effort as well as errors during fabrication. The impedance of the fabricated prototypes was measured using a two-port differential probe method. The measured data shows good correspondence to the simulated data, verifying that the two-port differential probe is effective in characterizing the impedance of small RFID tags with balanced feeding structures. Other benefits are its relatively simple test fixture and impedance data retrieval process. number of test iterations required in an optimization process. Even though the method has a quite wide spectrum of applications in general, the use of Taguchi's method in electromagnetic theory is rare. In frequency selective surfaces (FSS) optimization, the Taguchi's method is unpublished. In this study, the method is applied for FSS design with two different geometries, the square loop and the gridded square loop. Key words: Taguchi's method; frequency se...