A novel model of early type 1 diabetes mellitus: The chick embryo air sack model

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with long-term dysfunction such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular diseases. These complications increase rates of death and disability worldwide. Due to the negative effects of DM on the quality of life, the mechanism and treatments of the disease should be investigated in more detail. Most of the research in diabetes is performed in experimental animals. Experimental animal models contributed to the advancement of clinical research, the development of new therapeutic approaches, the discovery of insulin and the purification of insulin. There are many animal models of DM in the literature. But there are a few DM model studies created with chick embryos. In these studies, it was seen that there were differences in STZ doses and STZ administration techniques. The objective of this study was to create a more acceptable and easier DM model. 180 specific pathogen free (SPF) fertilized chicken eggs (White Leghorn chicken) were used in this study. STZ was administered to 160 SPF eggs for an induced DM model. The remaining 20 SPF eggs were separated as a control group. We used two different DM models (Air sack model (ASM) and Chorioallantoic membrane model (CAMM)) and blood sampling technique in our study. 160 SPF eggs were divided into two groups with 80 eggs in each group, according to the model in which STZ was administered. When the relationship between blood glucose and blood insulin levels were examined, it was determined that there was a significantly strong negative correlation in the control group and ASM 1 group; and a significantly very strong negative correlation was found in the ASM 2 group and ASM 3 group. Our data indicate that the optimal STZ dose to create a DM model was 0.45 mg/egg and the best DM model was ASM. The second technique to be the best blood sampling technique for determining blood glucose levels. We believe that ASM can be used in DM studies and anti-DM drug studies in terms of its easebly, applicability, reproducibility and low cost.

The effect of vitamin K1 on VEGF levels in chick embryos with type 1 diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy induced by streptozotocin

“…Therefore, we used different doses of STZ on the 12th day of incubation to create a DM model. As in our previous DM model study (18), STZ3 dose statistically significantly increased both blood glucose levels and decreased blood insulin levels compared to the other STZ1 and STZ2 doses. We determined that the STZ3 dose was the most applicable dose to create a DM model in chick embryos.…”

“…In this study, we aimed to determine whether vitamin K1 has a DRP-reducing effect in chick embryos induced with STZinduced Type 1DM by measuring VEGF levels. In literature, there are few chick embryo DM models induced by STZ in the literature and they used different STZ doses and different incubation days (15)(16)(17)(18). In literature, STZ application day changed by 12th day to 14th day.…”

“…SPF eggs were kept in the incubators at 70% humidity and 37.5 0 C. STZ (N-(Methyl Nitroso Carbamoil)-a-D-glucosamine, CAS Number: 18883-66-4, Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Germany) was dissolved in saline and a stock STZ solution was prepared. STZ doses given to chick embryos were determined according to the literature (15)(16)(17)(18). There were 14 groups in total, with 10 SPF fertilized eggs in each group.…”

Investigation of the protective effect of vitamin K1 on the heart in streptozotocin induced type 1 diabetes model

“…STZ (N-(Methyl Nitroso Carbamoil)-a-Dglucosamine, CAS Number:18883-66-4, Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Germany) was dissolved in saline and a stock STZ solution was prepared. The dose of 0.30 mg/egg STZ was determined according to the literature to induce diabetes in chick embryos [10,15,16]. Three different doses vitamin K1 (Konakion 10 mg/ml, Roche) were administered for treatment [13].…”

“…However, in disorders caused by DM, factors such as changes in metabolic and signaling pathways, beta cell tropism, immunosuppressors, viral infectious agents or hypercaloric diets, and chemical, toxic agents or drugs come to the fore. Alloxan and streptozotocin (STZ), which are toxic glucose analogues specific to beta cells, are toxins that are frequently used to induce experimental diabetes by chemical method and have been used for a long time to create experimental DM in animals [9,10].…”