A Novel Modal Representation of Battery Dynamics

Abstract

Electrochemical cells are complicated energy storage systems with nonlinear voltage dynamics.There is a need for accurate dynamic modeling of the battery system to predict its behavior over time when discharging. The study conducted in this paper developed an intuitive model for electrochemical cells based on a simple mechanical analogy. A three-degree-of-freedom, spring-mass-damper system is decomposed into modal coordinates that represent the overall discharge, mass transport, and double-layer effect of the electrochemical cell. The developed model was experimentally demonstrated through pulsed discharge tests of commercially available lithium-ion and nickel metal hydride cells. The modal parameters of the natural frequency and damping ratio for each mode were determined by numerically minimizing the error in the time responses. Additionally, the mechanical analog was applied to two datasets [23,24]. The first dataset was used to optimize the modal parameters whereas the second dataset was utilized to validate the tuned parameters. It was found that the modal representation of the mechanical analog could accurately predict the time-response dynamics of all the cells considered. Additionally, by considering the discharge modal coordinate, the open-circuit voltage was determined and validated to that measured experimentally from the voltage relaxation peaks.

MDGN: Circuit design of memristor‐based denoising autoencoder and gated recurrent unit network for lithium‐ion battery state of charge estimation

“…The public lithium-ion battery dataset, namely Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE), collected from the Samsung 18650-20R batteries is used in this part [30]. The specific battery parameters are shown in Table 1.…”