A novel methodology for non-linear system identification of battery cells used in non-road hybrid electric vehicles

Na2NixCo1−xFe(CN)6: A class of Prussian blue analogs with transition metal elements as cathode materials for sodium ion batteries

“…Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in energy-storage applications [1][2][3][4]. However, the source of lithium is a persistent problem.…”

A systematic review of lumped-parameter equivalent circuit models for real-time estimation of lithium-ion battery states

“…Although these 85 models benefit from simplicity and ease of implementation, they often suffer from inaccuracies of 5-20% mainly due to the highly non-linear behaviour of a battery under a 87 dynamic load profile. In [16,17], the authors took a multiple-model approach to battery 88 modelling using the local model networks (LMN). This technique interpolates between 89 different local linear models to capture the battery's non-linearity due to SOC variations, relaxation, hysteresis, temperature and the battery current effects.…”

Nonlinear model predictive energy management controller with load and cycle prediction for non-road HEV

“…Since the LMN approach is only data based, the design of experiments plays a major role . A methodology to identify a nonlinear dynamic battery model that is based on the LMN architecture and considers the mentioned nonlinearities is proposed by Unger, Hametner, Jakubek, and Quasthoff (2014) and Hametner et al (2012).…”

“…In this paper, a dynamic battery model is identified following the method of Unger et al (2014) to be used for battery emulation in the testbed battery simulator as well as for the battery model considered in the master controller. Since dynamic models require past system inputs for the calculation, a simulation must be carried out to obtain the output trajectory for a given input trajectory.…”