A novel method to identify gene–gene effects in nuclear families: the MDR‐PDT

Abstract

It is now well recognized that gene-gene and gene-environment interactions are important in complex diseases, and statistical methods to detect interactions are becoming widespread. Traditional parametric approaches are limited in their ability to detect high-order interactions and handle sparse data, and standard stepwise procedures may miss interactions that occur in the absence of detectable main effects. To address these limitations, the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method [Ritchie et al., 2001: Am J Hum Genet 69:138-147] was developed. The MDR is well-suited for examining high-order interactions and detecting interactions without main effects. The MDR was originally designed to analyze balanced case-control data. The analysis can use family data, but requires a single matched pair be selected from each family. This may be a discordant sib pair, or may be constructed from triad data when parents are available. To take advantage of additional affected and unaffected siblings requires a test statistic that measures the association of genotype with disease in general nuclear families. We have developed a novel test, the MDR-PDT, by merging the MDR method with the genotype-Pedigree Disequilibrium Test (geno-PDT)[Martin et al., 2003: Genet Epidemiol 25:203-213]. MDR-PDT allows identification of single-locus effects or joint effects of multiple loci in families of diverse structure. We present simulations to demonstrate the validity of the test and evaluate its power. To examine its applicability to real data, we applied the MDR-PDT to data from candidate genes for Alzheimer disease (AD) in a large family dataset. These results show the utility of the MDR-PDT for understanding the genetics of complex diseases.

Genetic Polymorphisms of Angiotensinogen and Essential Hypertension in a Tibetan Population

“…This problem has been referred to as the "curse of dimensionality" (40). To overcome this limitation, the MDR method was developed and has been successfully applied to detecting gene-gene and gene-environment interactions for a variety of clinical endpoints (41)(42)(43)(44). Accordingly, we adopted the MDR method to explore the synergistic effects of the studied polymorphisms on susceptibility to essential hypertension.…”

AMBIENCE: A Novel Approach and Efficient Algorithm for Identifying Informative Genetic and Environmental Associations With Complex Phenotypes

“…It is flexible with regard to study design and can accommodate missing data. The PDT approach has been used to extend the MDR to allow analysis of families (Martin et al 2006). However, the computational challenges remain.…”

SYMPHONY, an information-theoretic method for gene–gene and gene–environment interaction analysis of disease syndromes

“…Generalized MDR enables covariate corrections and handles both discrete phenotypes and continuous traits in population-based study designs. The Pedigree Disequilibrium Test (Martin et al, 2000) approach has been used to extend MDR, which was initially limited in its capacity to include potentially informative family data beyond single matched pairs in each family, to family-based study designs (Martin et al, 2006). MDR and its variants including generalized MDR are not capable of GEI analysis of syndromes.…”