A novel method to evaluate nanofluid stability using multivariate image analysis

Abstract

A multivariate image analysis (MIA)-based approach in conjunction with chemometrics is proposed to evaluate the stability of nanofluids prepared by dispersing cobalt ferrite nanoparticles in mineral insulating oil.

A Review on Nanofluids: Fabrication, Stability, and Thermophysical Properties

“…Despite the fact that this approach represents a high-performance analysis of nanofluid stability with low cost, very few papers were published using this method [136]. One of the reasons that can be linked to the limited adaptation of such stability evaluation approach is its requirement of a long period of observation which is very time consuming [69].…”

Chemometrics‐assisted color histogram‐based analytical systems

“…3 An image capturing device to register the images of the chemical system under consideration. Simple commercial devices include digital cameras, 15,25,30,41,45,52,53,59,60 scanners, 21,28,34,35,39,43,46,[54][55][56][57]61 webcams, 26,29,32,33,[36][37][38]40,42,44,[47][48][49] and smartphones, 17,18,27,31,50,51,58 and the choice of one of them shall be according to its availability in each laboratory or specific need for a given application. However, it is important to note that the portability of systems through the use of smartphones has become a remarkable trend in the literature, mainly in applications involving univariate calibration for colorimetric analysis.…”

“…Similar to what happens in applications involving classification, the main publications that use multivariate calibration in CACHAS has been directed mostly to food analysis. 15,30,31,[43][44][45]55,56,58 In addition, applications in agricultural, 46,49 microbiological 53 biological, 54 drug, 18 biofuel, 57 and mineral insulating oil 59 analyses have also been carried out. Here, although most of the studies do not also employ sample pretreatment, solvents, or reagents, the calibration models are dependent on the values obtained by reference methods or similar accurate measurements of the target property/analyte.…”

“…An exception is when using scanners, which already have a shield cover to prevent external interferences, or a protective box 39 can be also adapted for this same purpose. An image capturing device to register the images of the chemical system under consideration. Simple commercial devices include digital cameras, 15,25,30,41,45,52,53,59,60 scanners, 21,28,34,35,39,43,46,54–57,61 webcams, 26,29,32,33,36–38,40,42,44,47–49 and smartphones, 17,18,27,31,50,51,58 and the choice of one of them shall be according to its availability in each laboratory or specific need for a given application. However, it is important to note that the portability of systems through the use of smartphones has become a remarkable trend in the literature, mainly in applications involving univariate calibration for colorimetric analysis. A computer containing a software for extraction of the color histograms from the registered images and other for construction of the chemometric models.…”

“…Lemes, Rabelo, and de Oliveira 59 estimated the nanofluid sedimentation times and the cobalt ferrite nanoparticle content dispersed in mineral insulating oil. GA‐PLS provided the best sedimentation time estimative with RMSEP, R 2 Pred , and RPD values of 0.40, 0.9996, and 24.20 min, respectively.…”