A novel method, the Variant Impact On Linkage Effect Test (VIOLET), leads to improved identification of causal variants in linkage regions

Abstract

The Human Genome Project was expected to individualize medicine by rapidly advancing knowledge of common complex disease through discovery of disease-causing genetic variants. However, this has proved challenging. Although linkage analysis has identified replicated chromosomal regions, subsequent detection of causal variants for complex traits has been limited. One explanation for this difficulty is that utilization of association to follow up linkage is problematic given that linkage and association are not required to co-occur. Indeed, co-occurrence is likely to occur only in special circumstances, such as Mendelian inheritance, but cannot be universally expected. To overcome this problem, we propose a novel method, the Variant Impact On Linkage Effect Test (VIOLET), which differs from other quantitative methods in that it is designed to follow up linkage by identifying variants that influence the variance explained by a quantitative trait locus. VIOLET's performance was compared with measured genotype and combined linkage association in two data sets with quantitative traits. Using simulated data, VIOLET had high power to detect the causal variant and reduced false positives compared with standard methods. Using real data, VIOLET identified a single variant, which explained 24% of linkage; this variant exhibited only nominal association (P ¼ 0.04) using measured genotype and was not identified by combined linkage association. These results demonstrate that VIOLET is highly specific while retaining low false-negative results. In summary, VIOLET overcomes a barrier to gene discovery and thus may be broadly applicable to identify underlying genetic etiology for traits exhibiting linkage.

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“…Linkage in the biotechnology field often refers to the linkage of genes in the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence. Examples of linkage effect studies from the biosector include the following: the variant impact on the linkage effect test (VIOLET) [23]; a genome-wide linkage scan for exercise participation [24]; consideration of the sib-sib correlation, linkage effects, and gene-environment interaction [25]; an electrochemical biosensor based on an enzyme substrate as a linker [26]; linkage effects in inbreeding [27]; electrodermal arousal between participants in a conversation [28]; and linkage effects on the binding affinity and activation of GPR30 [29].…”