“…Furthermore, human activities (e.g., plastic mulches, irrigation) in cropland ecosystems and the representation of daily mean plant dynamics solely through LAI products without considering community structure and species interactions within the ecosystem (e.g., competition and water use strategies) were not taken into account. Although there may be errors in the model, as summarized in previous studies (Tong et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2023), they are small and within a controllable range. The model simulation errors of AET and PET, using same drving factors and paramneters, errors can eliminate by their ratios of AET and PET.…”
Section: Separation Of Aet/pet To Analyse Plant and Soil Contributionsmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…The Appendix A1 contains the principal equations and parameters of the SPAC model used in this study. The updated SPAC model as illustrated in Wang et al (2023) were used to estimate PET. The calculated PET was validated using the measured one by eddy covariance selected during the adequate irrigation period, which approximately represented PET as a consequence with abundant soil moisture supply.…”
Section: Theory Of Actual and Potential Evapotranspiration Simulationmentioning
The ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration (AET/PET) represents the water supply of terrestrial ecosystems and can be used to assess the water stress level of plants or ecosystems. This study quantified the control of meteorological, hydrological, and biological factors on AET/PET variations using variance partitioning analysis and path analysis. A soil–plant–atmosphere continuum model was validated and used to simulate AET and PET, as well as the interannual dynamics of AET/PET in typical ecosystems in the upper, middle, and downstream reaches of the Heihe River Basin from 2014 to 2016. The good agreement between measurements and simulations indicates that the model accurately represents the water/heat transfer process in various ecosystems within the Heihe River Basin. The study found that the alpine meadow ecosystem had the highest annual average AET/PET (0.89 ± 0.12), followed by the Populus euphratica ecosystem (0.72 ± 0.17) and cropland ecosystem (0.65 ± 0.15). AET/PET variation characteristics were comparable across the three ecosystems, showing apparent seasonality and interannual fluctuations. Plant transpiration stress was found to be a dominant indicator of ecosystem water availability. Changes in AET/PET were attributed to diverse environmental conditions in the three distinct ecosystems. While the relationship between soil water (SW) content and AET/PET weakened in cropland ecosystems with low water stress, the study demonstrates that SW content remains the most important factor governing AET/PET. The leaf are index and vapour pressure deficiency had significant indirect effects on AET/PET by influencing SW content. Overall, this study provides scientific support for optimizing water resource management in the Heihe River Basin by revealing the interannual variations and controlling factors of AET/PET in typical ecosystems.
“…Furthermore, human activities (e.g., plastic mulches, irrigation) in cropland ecosystems and the representation of daily mean plant dynamics solely through LAI products without considering community structure and species interactions within the ecosystem (e.g., competition and water use strategies) were not taken into account. Although there may be errors in the model, as summarized in previous studies (Tong et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2023), they are small and within a controllable range. The model simulation errors of AET and PET, using same drving factors and paramneters, errors can eliminate by their ratios of AET and PET.…”
Section: Separation Of Aet/pet To Analyse Plant and Soil Contributionsmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…The Appendix A1 contains the principal equations and parameters of the SPAC model used in this study. The updated SPAC model as illustrated in Wang et al (2023) were used to estimate PET. The calculated PET was validated using the measured one by eddy covariance selected during the adequate irrigation period, which approximately represented PET as a consequence with abundant soil moisture supply.…”
Section: Theory Of Actual and Potential Evapotranspiration Simulationmentioning
The ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration (AET/PET) represents the water supply of terrestrial ecosystems and can be used to assess the water stress level of plants or ecosystems. This study quantified the control of meteorological, hydrological, and biological factors on AET/PET variations using variance partitioning analysis and path analysis. A soil–plant–atmosphere continuum model was validated and used to simulate AET and PET, as well as the interannual dynamics of AET/PET in typical ecosystems in the upper, middle, and downstream reaches of the Heihe River Basin from 2014 to 2016. The good agreement between measurements and simulations indicates that the model accurately represents the water/heat transfer process in various ecosystems within the Heihe River Basin. The study found that the alpine meadow ecosystem had the highest annual average AET/PET (0.89 ± 0.12), followed by the Populus euphratica ecosystem (0.72 ± 0.17) and cropland ecosystem (0.65 ± 0.15). AET/PET variation characteristics were comparable across the three ecosystems, showing apparent seasonality and interannual fluctuations. Plant transpiration stress was found to be a dominant indicator of ecosystem water availability. Changes in AET/PET were attributed to diverse environmental conditions in the three distinct ecosystems. While the relationship between soil water (SW) content and AET/PET weakened in cropland ecosystems with low water stress, the study demonstrates that SW content remains the most important factor governing AET/PET. The leaf are index and vapour pressure deficiency had significant indirect effects on AET/PET by influencing SW content. Overall, this study provides scientific support for optimizing water resource management in the Heihe River Basin by revealing the interannual variations and controlling factors of AET/PET in typical ecosystems.
“…Over the years, the dual approach significantly improved the accuracy of the evapotranspiration estimate and enabled several entities to update and revise guidelines on evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirements. However, quantifying seasonal variations in the single and dual crop coefficients remains a challenge even today (Pereira et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2023). Pôças et al (2020) provide a comprehensive review on the application of remote sensing data for assessing K c and K cb coefficients, particularly focusing on the use of spectral vegetation indices.…”
Section: Th Ematic Evolution Of Topics In Crop Evapotranspiration Res...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The crop coefficient is a key link between ET c and ET o which is important for agricultural water management, particularly in determining crop water and irrigation requirements (Paredes et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2023).…”
Estimating crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is crucial for ensuring sustainable and efficient agricultural water management. Although this subject has garnered significant attention from the global scientific community, a comprehensive study encompassing the diversity, trends, and dynamics of research themes is currently lacking. To address this knowledge gap, this review employed a combined bibliometric and thematic approach to analyze bibliographic data from 1872 documents retrieved from the Web of Science™ core collection, spanning the period 1987–2022. The main findings of this review are as follows: (1) the scientific landscape is predominantly shaped by institutions from the USA and China; (2) the journal Agricultural Water Management emerged as the most prolific, with the highest number of publications and total citations; (3) a broad range of topics within ETc research were identified, with a notable emphasis on remote sensing-related subjects; (4) strategic coordination mapping revealed that ETc and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) remains an underdeveloped area of study; (5) climate change and machine learning emerged as key topics of significant scientific concern. The results suggest a need for enhanced institutional collaborations and expanded research investigations, particularly in regions grappling with agricultural water scarcity. Furthermore, research investigations should focus on ETc and ETo to fill existing knowledge gaps and advance both theoretical understanding and practical applications. Future studies should aim to contribute to the understanding of the impacts of climate change on ETc by leveraging machine learning techniques and enhancing our understanding of crop water requirements and their application in irrigation management, while also ensuring continuous updates to the existing body of knowledge to meet future challenges.
“…The direct measurements of ET c are costly and laborious; thus, many models have become the main tool to estimate ET c . The most commonly used models include the Penman-Monteith (PM) model [13], Priestley-Taylor model [5], Shuttle-Wallace model [14] and crop coefficient (K c ) model [15,16]. Among them, the dual crop coefficient (K c ) model has been extensively applied to estimate the components of ET c with its practical simplicity and robustness [17][18][19].…”
Accurate quantification of evapotranspiration (ETc) and its components are critical for enhancing water use efficiency and implementing precision irrigation. A two-year experiment was conducted for greenhouse-grown tomatoes under mulched drip irrigation with three irrigation treatments during 2020–2021 in Northeast China. Three different irrigation treatments were applied by setting upper and lower soil moisture irrigation thresholds (i.e., W1, 65%θFC–75%θFC, W2, 75%θFC–85%θFC, W3, 85%θFC–95%θFC, respectively, where θFC is field capacity). In this study, a modified dual crop coefficient (Kc) model was proposed to simulate daily ETc, plant transpiration (Tr) and soil evaporation (Es). The simulations of the model were validated against observed data from the sap flow system combined with the soil water balance method. The controlling factors on the variations of evapotranspiration and its components were also identified by using the path analysis method. Results showed that the modified dual Kc model can accurately simulate daily ETc, Es, and Tr for the greenhouse tomato under different irrigation conditions, with the coefficients of determination ranging from 0.88 to 0.98 and the index of agreement higher than 0.90. The seasonal cumulative ETc of tomato for W1–W3 were 138.5–194.4 mm, of which 9.5–15.8% was consumed by Es. Path analysis showed that the net radiation (Rn) was the dominant factor controlling the variations of Tr and ETc during the growing seasons. The canopy coverage degree (Kcc) was the dominant controlling factor of Es, while the temperature (Ta) was the primary limiting factor affecting Es. This study can provide reference information for developing proper irrigation management in a greenhouse-grown tomato in the north cold climate regions.
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