A novel mechanism of conjugate formation of bisphenol A and its analogues by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens: Detoxification and reduction of estrogenicity of bisphenols

Reversibility of enzymatic reactions might limit biotransformation of organic micropollutants

“…It was recently proved through a modelling approach that thermodynamic constraints (i.e., reversibility of the biological reactions and/or sequestration of OMPs) rather than kinetic limitations (hydraulic retention time, OMPs concentration, inhibition by the transformation product (TP) and biotransformation rate constant) are responsible for the incomplete biotransformation of several OMPs in anaerobic systems (Gonzalez-Gil et al, 2018a). Although there are some experimental evidences of reversible reactions affecting OMPs, such as the conversion of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) into acetyl-SMX (Achermann et al, 2018) and the phosphorylation of different bisphenols (Zühlke et al, 2016), so far no study was focused on demonstrating the reversibility of the enzymatic transformation of OMPs.…”

“…It was demonstrated that AK can transform OMPs with carboxyl (i.e., diclofenac, naproxen and ibuprofen) and hydroxyl groups (i.e., bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan, octylphenol and nonylphenol) (Gonzalez-Gil et al, 2017). Therefore, both HK and AK are key enzymes in anaerobic processes and might be candidates that catalyze reversible transformation reactions of OMPs, in particular of BPA, whose phosphorylated TP was already detected in the presence of bacterial species from sewage sludge (Zühlke et al, 2016). Based on these previous results and taking into account its widespread presence in the environment and its harmful endocrine disrupting activity (Rubin, 2011), BPA seems to be an appropriate OMP to further investigate its enzymatic transformation mechanisms.…”

Comparative Genomics of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strains Reveals a Core Genome with Traits for Habitat Adaptation and a Secondary Metabolites Rich Accessory Genome

“…Besides, being used as PGPR bacteria with wide metabolic capabilities, B. amyloliquefaciens is used for new applications such as degradation of crude oil from oil-contaminated soils (Zhang, J. H. et al, 2016 ), feather degradation (Yang et al, 2016 ), production of proteases (Wang et al, 2016 ), feruloyl esterases (Wang et al, 2017 ), and phytases (Verma et al, 2016 ) for industrial and food applications. Moreover, it is widely used for extraction of lipases for biodiesel production (Saengsanga et al, 2016 ), biosorbent for the removal of pollutants (Sun et al, 2016 ) and their degradation (Zuhlke et al, 2016 ), production of biosurfactants and antimicrobial lipopeptides (Perez et al, 2017 ; Zhi et al, 2017 ), probiotics (Gowrishankar et al, 2016 ), and food preservation (Eom and Choi, 2016 ; Calvo et al, 2017 ).…”

Development and Validation of an HPLC-DAD Method for the Simultaneous Extraction and Quantification of Bisphenol-A, 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid, 4-Hydroxyacetophenone and Hydroquinone in Bacterial Cultures of Lactococcus lactis

“…Many bacterial strains that can degrade BPA have been reported, and this degrading ability varies among the species [14]. It should also be noted that different initial concentrations of BPA are used in the reports employing bacteria, ranging from 0.1 to 60 mg/L [22,37,40] and for varying incubation periods. Bacteria can clearly employ a variety of metabolic pathways to exploit pollutants as energy sources, under the prerequisite that the pollutants are bioavailable and at levels that could trigger such mechanisms [16].…”

“…Moreover, the probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium breve and Lactobacillus casei when administered to rats showed a prophylactic effect against the detrimental effects of BPA, by reducing its intestinal absorption and facilitating its excretion, [18]. Likewise, the ability of Bacillus strains [20][21][22], certain Lactococcus strains [23] and Shingomonas paucimobilis [24] to degrade bisphenol has been documented. Recently a simplified method for the extraction of bisphenol from bacterial culture suspensions has been reported [25].…”