A novel linear square/triangular wave generator with tunable duty cycle

Design of Signal Generators Using Active Elements Developed in I3T25 CMOS Technology Single IC Package for Illuminance to Frequency Conversion

“…Note that many researchers refer to the interconnection of the CCCII and OTA as current conveyor Many concepts use standard commercially available AEs (e.g., operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) [5,6], current conveyors [10], operational amplifiers [14,25], variable gain amplifiers [14,16,17], or their easily accessible models, i.e., internal topologies). In numerous works, the active subparts of basic building structures [2,3] are understood as a single element [7][8][9][11][12][13]15,[18][19][20][21][22][23]. It substantially changes view on the circuit and credibility of results when these concepts are presented as: (a) Simulated models only, (b) real so-called "behavioral models" [2,3] for experiments (based on off-the-shelf components), and (c) real fabricated complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) cells encapsulated in a single integrated circuit (IC) package.…”

“…It substantially changes view on the circuit and credibility of results when these concepts are presented as: (a) Simulated models only, (b) real so-called "behavioral models" [2,3] for experiments (based on off-the-shelf components), and (c) real fabricated complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) cells encapsulated in a single integrated circuit (IC) package. However, many AEs are used and designed on hypothetical level [7][8][9][11][12][13]15,[18][19][20][21][22]26] without fabrication in the form of IC. In fact, many of these devices include several functional active subparts.…”

“…In fact, many of these devices include several functional active subparts. In some cases, the experimental verification was obtained from the behavioral model of a hypothetical AE [9,13,[16][17][18][19]22,23,26]. Generally, this method is useful and frequently used by researchers.…”

“…Next, for different conditions, many recent works present more simulation-based results than measurement ones (high frequencies are unavailable in real cases due to high parasitic performances), see for example [21,22]. Numerous experimental solutions [13,18,19,21] have really extensive circuitry because of implementation of commercially available AEs in behavioral model of the hypothetical AE. Based on the analysis of solutions included in Table 1, only one solution includes fabricated AEs in the frame of CMOS technology in the form of so-called modular approach (several types of AEs with suitable and/or variable interconnection of their terminals [27][28][29][30]).…”

“…However, there are some disadvantages, namely: High power consumption (information is not available in many papers), high area requirements, high number of passive elements for serial production of a final application. Solutions presented in [7][8][9][11][12][13]15,[18][19][20][21][22][23]26] have core in hypothetical (not fabricated as a single chip) subparts creating a complex active element. Many of these solutions are constructed as behavioral models using commercially available parts and tested experimentally.…”