A Novel Label‐Free Immunosensor Based on Activated Graphene Oxide for Acetaminophen Detection

Abstract

A simple label‐free immunosensor for the selective detection of acetaminophen was developed by modifying a graphite based screen‐printed electrode with graphene oxide after the functionalization with N‐hydroxysuccinimide in the presence of 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride. The template made by layer‐by‐layer technique provides activated carboxylic groups, which form amidic covalent bonds with the terminal amine groups from the antiacetaminophen antibody. The optimization of antibody immobilization and the blocking of the free active groups from graphene template with bovine serum albumin was performed by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique was used to determine the quantity of different components deposited onto the electrode surface during the optimization steps. The above described immunosensor was applied with good results for the determination of acetaminophen in synthetic and real samples by using square wave voltammetry. A limit of detection of 0.17 µM (S/N=3) was obtained with no or minimal interference of dosage forms excipients and serum components.

A Sensitive and Disposable Graphene Oxide Electrochemical Immunosensor for Label-free Detection of Human Immunoglobulin G

“…For instance, the immunosensors developed in entry 1 -3 [33][34][35] (Table 1) show an ≈ 5 -15 fold higher in detection limit than that constructed in our work (entry 7), even though those immunosensors (entry 1 -3) are prepared by more complicated procedures where precious metals (i.e., gold and silver) and more expensive materials are used in devising the immunosensors. In addition, the immunosensor in entry 4,36 constructed for acetaminophen detection that is prepared in a similar fashion to that in entry 7, exhibits an ≈ 13-fold higher value in the limit of detection than does our developed immunosensor. This obviously indicates that our electroanalytical platform is highly efficient in human IgG detection.…”

General approach for electrochemical detection of persistent pharmaceutical micropollutants: Application to acetaminophen

“…Examples of acetaminophen immunosensors have been published recently. Tertis et al (2015) reported a label-free immunosensor for the selective detection of acetaminophen using graphite based screen-printed electrode and graphene oxide, by using square wave voltammetry, with a limit of detection of 0.17 μM. In another article, Hosu et al (2015), reported an immunosensor for acetaminophen based on protein G-magnetic microparticles.…”

Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Sensor for Maltol in Wines Using Graphene Oxide‐Wrapped Amino‐Functionalized Carbon Sphere as Sensing Electrode Materials

“…Graphene oxide (GO), a 2D‐layered precursor of graphene preparation 18, has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years owing to its low cost, easy availability, high surface area and effective electron transfer properties. GO has a lot of oxygen functional groups such as epoxy group, hydroxyl and carboxyl on basal planes or at the edges of the graphene sheets 19.…”

“…Significantly, these functional groups make it completely exfoliates to produce aqueous colloidal suspensions of GO sheets by sonication 20, and improve the interaction with other conductor to produce strong interfacial interaction by hydrogen bonds or electrostatic interaction. For instance, the epoxy and carboxyl groups in GO favor to react with primary amine group 21, and the thermal stability, electrical and mechanical properties can be improved by the modification of aromatic amines 22.…”