“…In addition to the immunosuppressive effects, FTY720 has also shown preclinical antitumor efficacy in various cancer models, including those of breast, 9 bladder, 10 prostate, 11 lung 12 and liver, 13,14 and hematopoietic malignancies. 15 This antitumor activity of FTY720 is reportedly attributed to its cytotoxicity towards cancer cells through both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptotic pathways. It is notable that in most instances phosphorylation of FTY720 was not required for its cytotoxic effect, indicating the involvement of S1P receptor-independent mechanisms which are starkly different from the immunosuppresive property of FTY720.…”