A Novel ICESat-2 Signal Photon Extraction Method Based on Convolutional Neural Network

Abstract

When it comes to the application of the photon data gathered by the Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2), accurately removing noise is crucial. In particular, conventional denoising algorithms based on local density are susceptible to missing some signal photons when there is uneven signal density distribution, as well as being susceptible to misclassifying noise photons near the signal photons; the application of deep learning remains untapped in this domain as well. To solve these problems, a method for extracting signal photons based on a GoogLeNet model fused with a Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) is proposed. The network model can make good use of the distribution information of each photon’s neighborhood, and simultaneously extract signal photons with different photon densities to avoid misclassification of noise photons. The CBAM enhances the network to focus more on learning the crucial features and improves its discriminative ability. In the experiments, simulation photon data in different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) levels are utilized to demonstrate the superiority and accuracy of the proposed method. The results from signal extraction using the proposed method in four experimental areas outperform the conventional methods, with overall accuracy exceeding 98%. In the real validation experiments, reference data from four experimental areas are collected, and the elevation of signal photons extracted by the proposed method is proven to be consistent with the reference elevation, with R2 exceeding 0.87. Both simulation and real validation experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is effective and accurate for extracting signal photons.

Forest Canopy Height Estimation by Integrating Structural Equation Modeling and Multiple Weighted Regression

“…The data were obtained from a 17-m diameter footprint acquired by a laser pulse. The sampling density of neighboring spots was 0.7 m [44,45]. In this study, the relative canopy height was chosen as the reference value of forest canopy height [46][47][48].…”