“…AIS models were successfully applied to biological and medical problems, such as classification of gene expression data [96,97], identification of breast cancer [98,99], diagnosis of lung cancer [100,101], classification of liver disorders [98,102], detection of heart diseases [103,104], recognition of ECG arrhythmia [105], diagnosis of thyroid diseases [106], and interpretation of carotid artery Doppler signals [107]. The protein structure prediction was investigated with AIS for models based on Dill's lattice approach [108,109] and with three-dimensional models [110].…”