A Novel Frequency Regulation in Islanded Microgrid using Sliding Mode Control with Disturbance Observers considering Storages and EVs

Robust self‐adaptive fuzzy controller for load‐frequency control of islanded airport microgrids considering electric aircraft energy storage and demand response

“…The dynamic equations of the studied islanded AMG system are modelled using nine state variables and nine state equations. The state space form obtained by Equations ( 6)-( 15) is presented [27,28,33].…”

“…The dynamic equations of the studied islanded AMG system are modelled using nine state variables and nine state equations. The state space form obtained by Equations ()–() is presented [27, 28, 33]. $$$$\begin{eqnarray}\dot{\Delta }f &=& \frac{1}{{2H}}(\Delta {P}_{DEG} + \Delta {P}_{WTG} + \Delta {P}_{PV} + \Delta {P}_{DR} + \Delta {P}_{EAC} \nonumber\\ &&\pm\, \Delta {P}_{BS} - \,\Delta {P}_L - D\Delta f)\end{eqnarray}$$$$ $$$$\begin{equation}\Delta {\dot{P}}_{DEG} = \frac{1}{{{T}_T}}(\Delta {P}_M - \Delta {P}_{DEG})\end{equation}$$$$ $$$$\begin{equation}\Delta {\dot{P}}_M = \frac{1}{{{T}_G}}(\Delta {u}_c(t - {\tau }_d) - \Delta {P}_M - \frac{1}{R}\Delta f)\end{equation}$$$$ …”

“…The designed CDM controller is applied to virtual inertia control (VIC), and a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) is also used to estimate the frequency data for VIC. In [33], a unified sliding mode control system is suggested for LFC in a microgrid, which includes an interference supervisor to create power balance and adjust frequency in a microgrid system. In [34], a PID controller has been used for a fuel cell system considering time delay and the virtual gain and phase margin methods have been utilized to controller design.…”

Fuzzy Approach for Managing Renewable Energy Flows for DC-Microgrid with Composite PV-WT Generators and Energy Storage System

“…Recent works of scientific literature propose efficient algorithms for the control and management of energy flow, ensuring maximum power transfer (through the use of maximum point power (MPPT) directly in the algorithms [15,16]), even in adverse or otherwise changing weather conditions [17][18][19][20]. However, it should be noted that the scale limitations and the limited capacity of the accumulator do not allow AC-MGs to provide long-term energy, so it is necessary to use modular FCs to guarantee adequate power with continuity and with rapid response to load variations (common diesel generators are to be excluded because they are polluting and characterized by reduced efficiency) [21,22].…”