A novel formulation of theranostic nanomedicine for targeting drug delivery to gastrointestinal tract cancer

Abstract

Background Theranostic nanomedicines contain a nanovehicle that has fluorescent properties and can be used for diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic purposes. The transferrin receptor expression is 1000-fold higher in rapidly growing cancer cells as compared to the normal cells and, therefore, can be used in targeted drug delivery systems. The objective of the present study was to design a novel targeted gold nanoparticle (GNPs)-based theranostic formulation for gastrointestinal (GI) tract-related cancers. The synthesized GNPs were conjugated to transferrin and doxorubicin both separately and collectively to check their cytotoxic properties. The in vitro cytotoxicity of nanocomposites was observed against colon cancer cell line HCT-116. The doxorubicin conjugated nanocomposites showed almost the same cytotoxicity, but more effect at later hours (h). The IC50 and IC100 were 50 µg/ml and 250 µg/ml, respectively, equivalent to the doxorubicin weight for GNP theranostic nanomedicine. Results The maximum effect was observed after 12 h and nanomedicines were still active after 72 h of treatment. Our in vivo data proved that nanomedicine crossed all the barriers and was successfully delivered to the tumour cells. Theranostic nanomedicine’s (TNM) effect on body weight and survival rate on mice was many folds better than mice in pure doxorubicin group. It also showed almost 80% survival rate on day 40. The in vivo and in vitro results show the effects of prolonged drug release and the nanomedicine was not toxic to vital organs of the animal. Conclusion This is one of its kind studies in which a novel targeted nanomedicines approach was formulated for therapeutic as well as prognostic purposes against GI tract cancer. Graphic Abstract

Comparative and Selective Interaction of Amino Acid d-Cysteine with Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles in the Presence of a Fluorescent Probe in Aqueous Medium

“…Other vibrational bands are observed at 2968 cm –1 (CH 2 stretching, asymmetric), 2078 cm –1 (NH 3 bending, asymmetric), 1522 cm –1 (N–H bending), 1340 cm –1 (NH 3 bending, symmetric), 1294 cm –1 (CH 2 wagging), 1195 cm –1 (CH 2 twisting), 1130 cm –1 (SO 2 stretching), 1062 cm –1 (NH 3 rocking), 941 cm –1 (S–H bending), 866 cm –1 (N–O stretching), 635 cm –1 (COOH bending), 536 cm –1 (COOH rocking) etc. These results are consistent with the FTIR spectra of amino acids reported elsewhere. − Interestingly, for the Au NPs/RhB/ d -Cys system, the IR bands corresponding to the stretching of −NH 3 + and −COO – groups of d -Cys are almost absent, possibly due to their cross-linking with other cysteine molecules attached to the neighboring Au NPs. However, for the Au NPs/RhB/ l -Cys system, the bands of these stretching vibrations are also abruptly reduced compared to pure l -Cys but the peaks are still visible.…”

“…These results are consistent with the FTIR spectra of amino acids reported elsewhere. 63 − 65 Interestingly, for the Au NPs/RhB/ d -Cys system, the IR bands corresponding to the stretching of −NH 3 + and −COO – groups of d -Cys are almost absent, possibly due to their cross-linking with other cysteine molecules attached to the neighboring Au NPs. However, for the Au NPs/RhB/ l -Cys system, the bands of these stretching vibrations are also abruptly reduced compared to pure l -Cys but the peaks are still visible.…”

A Novel Method of Magnetic Nanoparticles Functionalized with Anti-Folate Receptor Antibody and Methotrexate for Antibody Mediated Targeted Drug Delivery

“…Binding efficiency was calculated by taking the absorbance of pre and post-coupling solution and calculating percentage binding from the difference of absorbance. The binding efficiency of the anti-folate receptor antibody was almost 91% and that of MTX, almost 90% [ 48 ].…”

Enhanced photothermal heating and combination therapy of gold nanoparticles on a breast cell model

“…5 B. It could be understood that it is the free –NH group that is likely to be involved in the binding of Dox on AuNPs surface as it is well known that gold has a strong affinity towards amino groups [ 24 ]. The results given here were accorded well with Hua Qin Yin et al .…”