A novel flavobacterial phage abundant during green tide, representing a new viral family, Zblingviridae

Abstract

Flavobacteriia are the dominant and active bacteria during algal blooms and play an important role in polysaccharide degradation. However, little is known about phages infecting Flavobacteriia , especially during green tide. In this study, a novel virus, vB_TgeS_JQ, infecting Flavobacteriia was isolated from the surface water of the Golden Beach of Qingdao, China. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that vB_TgeS_JQ had the morphology of siphovirus. The experiments showed that it was stable from −20°C to 45°C and pH 5 to pH 8, with latent and burst periods both lasting for 20 min. Genomic analysis showed that the phage vB_TgeS_JQ contained a 40,712-bp dsDNA genome with a GC content of 30.70%, encoding 74 open-reading frames. Four putative auxiliary metabolic genes were identified, encoding electron transfer-flavoprotein dehydrogenase, calcineurin-like phosphoesterase, phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphohydrolase, and TOPRIM nucleotidyl hydrolase. The abundance of phage vB_TgeS_JQ was higher during Ulva prolifera ( U. prolifera ) blooms compared with other marine environments. The phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses revealed that vB_TgeS_JQ exhibited significant differences from all other phage isolates in the databases and therefore was classified as an undiscovered viral family, named Zblingviridae . In summary, this study expands the knowledge about the genomic, phylogenetic diversity and distribution of flavobacterial phages (flavophages), especially their roles during U. prolifera blooms. IMPORTANCE The phage vB_TgeS_JQ was the first flavobacterial phage isolated during green tide, representing a new family in Caudoviricetes and named Zblingviridae . The abundance of phage vB_TgeS_JQ was higher during the Ulva prolifera blooms. This study provides insights into the genomic, phylogenetic diversity, and distribution of flavophages, especially their roles during U. prolifera blooms.