“…Existing methods for predicting the MMP of CO 2 -oil systems typically involve experimental tests (Novosad et al, 1990;Nguyen et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2019), empirical modeling (Shokir, 2007;ZareNezhad, 2016), and numerical simulations (Zhao and Fang, 2020;Ge et al, 2021). Experimental techniques, such as the slim-tube experiment (Hao et al, 2020;Lu et al, 2022), rising bubble apparatus (Li and Luo, 2017), and vanishing interfacial tension tests (Safaei et al, 2023), have been widely utilized to measure the MMP under different injected gases. However, these methods are generally applied to measure the MMP of fluids in the bulk phase, rather than in nanopores (Zhang et al, 2017).…”