“…Space mapping (SM) [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ] technology has been widely used to solve the growing computational challenges in the field of microwave modeling. The SM algorithm assumes the existence of coarse models [ 5 ], and uses empirical functions [ 15 ] or equivalent circuits [ 16 , 17 , 18 ] as prior knowledge to assist in the modeling process of microwave devices. The SM combines the high computational efficiency of the coarse model and the high fidelity of the EM fine model [ 19 ].…”