“…This literature review indicated that beta-oxidation is a common pathway in aerobic NA degradation. Various transformation steps can occur prior to beta-oxidation, such as alpha-oxidation (Rontani and Bonin 1992 ), omega-oxidation (Johnson et al 2012 ), aromatization (Iwaki et al 2005 ), activation as coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters (Zampolli et al 2020 , Zan et al 2022 ), or ring cleavage (Wang et al 2015 ). Anaerobic NA degradation has also been reported, and was proposed to involve several possible mechanisms, including the production of benzoyl-CoA as an intermediate (Pelletier and Harwood 2000 , Elshahed et al 2001 , Peters et al 2004 ), beta-oxidation (Arslan and Gamal El-Din 2021 , Sanz and Díaz 2022 ), and/or through the involvement of nitrate, sulfate, iron, and methanogenic reducers (Holowenko et al 2001 , Gunawan et al 2014 , Clothier and Gieg 2016 , Cheng et al 2019 ).…”