“…The first application of AI in healthcare can be traced to the early 1970s, when a rule‐based system, referred to as MYCIN, was developed to assist physicians to select appropriate therapies for patients with bacterial infections (Shortliffe, 1974). Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the proliferation of AI in healthcare and medical imaging research continued, and computer‐aided diagnosis and/or detection (CAD) emerged as a prominent research area in cancer detection (Giger & Suzuki, 2008; Jiang et al, 1999; van Ginneken et al, 2001), cardiovascular disease and congenital heart defects (Gastounioti et al, 2013, 2014; Golemati et al, 2013; Golemati & Nikita, 2019), pathological brain detection (Chaplot et al, 2006; Maitra & Chatterjee, 2006), Alzheimer's disease (Zhang et al, 2014; Zhang, Dong, et al, 2015), and diabetic retinopathy (Ahmad et al, 2014; Tufail et al, 2017). Simultaneously, data mining approaches (Jothi et al, 2015; Tomar & Agarwal, 2013; Yoo et al, 2012) drew research interest in various application areas including risk assessment (Patel et al, 2009), modeling disease pathways and progression (Hauskrecht & Fraser, 2000), genome analysis (Ferreira, 2006), and treatment planning (Holmes et al, 2004; Patel et al, 2009).…”