A Novel Closed-Loop Electromechanical Stimulator to Enhance Osseointegration with Immediate Loading of Dental Implant Restorations

Abstract

The degree of osseomechanical integration of dental implants is acutely sensitive to their mechanical environment. Bone, both as a tissue and structure, adapts its mass and architecture in response to loading conditions. Therefore, application of predefined controlled loads may be considered as a treatment option to promote early maturation of bone/implant interface prior to or in conjunction with crown/prosthesis attachment. Although many studies have established that the magnitude, rate of the applied strain, and frequency have significant effects on the osteogenic response, the actual specific relationships between strain parameters and frequency have not yet been fully defined. The purpose of this study was to develop a stimulator to apply defined mechanical stimuli to individual dental implants in vivo immediately after implantation, exploring the hypothesis that immediate controlled loading could enhance implant integration. An electromechanical device was developed, based on load values obtained using a two-dimensional finite element analysis of the bone/implant interface generating 1000 to 4000 pe and operated at 30 and 3 Hz respectively. The device was then tested in a cadaveric pig mandible, and periosteal bone surface strains were recorded for potential future comparison with a three-dimensional finite element model to determine loading regimens to optimize interface strains and iterate the device for clinical use.

The effects of tooth extraction on alveolar bone biomechanics in the miniature pig, Sus scrofa

“…Evidently, strain generated through more remote loading sources, such as occlusion of surrounding teeth and contraction of masticatory muscles, is sufficient to promote alveolar stiffness in unopposed teeth. The specific deformation of cancellous bone within the alveolar processes remains unknown, although potential differences could be explored using the finite element method (13). …”