A Novel Class of Dielectric Resonator Antenna Phased Arrays with Enhanced Beam-Scanning Capabilities for mm-Wave Applications

Advanced Dielectric Resonator Antenna Technology for 5G and 6G Applications

“…This discrepancy may arise from the introduced wide beam techniques or multi-mode schemes that bring additional insertion losses from extra structures and metallic losses. Nevertheless, some designs have achieved high gains with 32–64 elements [ 56 , 66 ]. Finally, Figure 11 g presents the operating frequencies against the maximum scan angles in 2D planes for beam-steerable DRAs.…”

“…Most DRAs are primarily designed for 1D scanning, with only four demonstrating eligibility for achieving extensive scan ranges exceeding 60°. Only four designs are applied to 2D scanning, with just one design functioning at mmW bands [ 56 ]. The relative scarcity of mmW beam-steerable DRAs is due to the complexity of designing these antennas in large array configurations and enabling wide beam techniques at mmW frequencies.…”

“…For conventional PAA architectures, most designs aim to fulfill wide-beam capabilities [ 36 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ], with their maximum scan range ( ) reaching up to . Another design approach involves the use of pattern-reconfigurable antennas with active phase-shifting circuits embedded within each radiating element to enable beam shaping and achieve wide steering angles [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ].…”

“…This presents a significant challenge for wide-beam array designs, as evidenced by the scarcity of relevant research studies in the literature. In [ 56 ], Ogurtsov et al showcased a 64 element DRA array design operating at 30 GHz with a fractional BW of 10% and a scan range of across the E, H, and D planes, which is notable as the first documented planar electrically scanned DRA array at the mmW bands. As shown in Figure 8 b, each DR element consists of a cylindrical and a hemispherical DRA enclosed by an open metal cavity, which significantly mitigates mutual coupling and maintains a high radiation efficiency of ≥80% within a densely packed array lattice.…”

“… X-band and mmW DRAs for traditional electrical scanning PAAs: ( a ) 10.7 GHz DRA with two dielectric slabs and outer metal ring [ 59 ], ( b ) 3D view and cross-section of in-cavity DRA at 24 GHz ISM band [ 56 ], and ( c ) configuration of 27 GHz SIDRA for mmW mobile handset applications (1–8 are ports index) [ 36 ]. …”