“…Inspired by natural phenomena and biological behavior ( Ghasemi et al, 2023a ), researchers have proposed many meta-heuristic algorithms (MAs) to solve OPs better. They include genetic algorithm (GA) ( Zhou et al, 2021 ), simulated annealing (SA) ( Kirkpatrick, Gelatt & Vecchi, 1983 ), particle swarm optimization (PSO) ( Chen & Lin, 2009 ), differential evolution (DE) ( Mohamed, Hadi & Jambi, 2019 ), Shuffled Frog Leaping algorithm (SFLA) ( Houssein et al, 2021 ), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) ( Altay & Varol Altay, 2023 ), biogeography-based optimization (BBO) ( Simon, 2008 ), Cuckoo Search (CS) ( Gandomi, Yang & Alavi, 2013 ), Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) ( Mirjalili, Mirjalili & Lewis, 2014 ), etc . MAs are applied in many fields, such as feature selection ( Ghasemi et al, 2023b ), economic dispatch ( Ayedi, 2023 ) due to their simple structure, easy application, and no derivative information on OPs.…”