“…However, this is unattainable for CTIs, which are large-scale systems of systems composed of thousands of interdependent and interconnected components executing diverse functions and using distinct technologies, e.g., hydraulics, mechanics, and electronics [5,6]. Due to their topological complexity, their spatial distribution, and the distinctions in their functionalities and technologies, the systems of a CTI are designed and constructed independently, and then assembled relying on the direct physical interfaces and considering functional dependencies that only take into account the theoretical scenarios of operation [2,7]. Throughout the life of a CTI, its systems evolve over time to maintain their operation, improve their performance, expand their functions, etc.…”