A novel architecture with scalable security having expandable computational complexity for stream ciphers

Abstract

Stream cipher designs are difficult to implement since they are prone to weaknesses based on usage, with properties being similar to one-time pad besides keystream is subjected to very strict requirements. Contemporary stream cipher designs are highly vulnerable to algebraic cryptanalysis based on linear algebra, in which the inputs and outputs are formulated as multivariate polynomial equations. Solving a nonlinear system of multivariate equations will reduce the complexity, which in turn yields the targeted secret information. Recently, Addition Modulo has been suggested over logic XOR as a mixing operator to guard against such attacks. However, it has been observed that the complexity of Modulo Addition can be drastically decreased with the appropriate formulation of polynomial equations and probabilistic conditions. A new design for Addition Modulo is proposed. The framework for the new design is characterized by user-defined expandable security for stronger encryption and does not impose changes in existing layout for any stream cipher such as SNOW 2.0, SOSEMANUK, CryptMT, Grain Family, etc. The structure of the proposed design is highly scalable, which boosts the algebraic degree and thwarts the probabilistic conditions by maintaining the original hardware complexity without changing the integrity of the Addition Modulo.

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“…Furthermore our new design framework utilizes an expanding and compacting structure that can fit into various lightweight cryptographic systems based on user-based requirements depending on the computational power of specific IoT nodes. Further case studies involving lightweight ciphers for IoT such as SNOW 2.0 [119] and IDEA [121,122] ciphers were elaborated in [128,129,127]. This concludes potential security enhancements for IoT in this chapter.…”

“…Our published research work [127,128] and [129] devises a new design framework of Modular Addition that will increase the algebraic degree when compared to the general Modular Addition and increase the difficulty of using the conditional properties. However the size of the structure is user-defined and flexible, giving its users a scalable security against Algebraic attack (Figure . 5.1).…”

“…However the size of the structure is user-defined and flexible, giving its users a scalable security against Algebraic attack (Figure . 5.1). Furthermore, the results in article [128] describes a framework for stream cipher systems only while [127,129] deals for all types of cipher systems which includes both Stream and Block Ciphers in IoT devices. We briefly outline the major contribution in the following sections for enhancing the security of IoT based lightweight cipher systems which can be realized using both hardware and software [127,128,129].…”

“…In our proposed design [128,129,127], a new type of cryptographic model is devised that provides user-defined scalable security against Algebraic attack for Lightweight ciphers in IoT device nodes. The proposed expansion function is an arithmetic relationship that is easily scalable.…”