“…AI is usually represented by machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models, adopted and trained for the particular problem, that provide quantitative solutions. In the oil and gas industry, namely, in the upstream section, AI is used for such problems as a prediction of different reservoir properties (Erofeev et al, 2019) and logs (Rostamian et al, 2022),well placement optimization (Rostamian et al, 2019b,a;Rostamian, 2017), lithology classification (Klyuchnikov et al, 2019), modeling during hydraulic fracturing (Makhotin et al, 2019), forecasting of material properties and cracks in the drill strings (Sobhaniaragh et al, 2021(Sobhaniaragh et al, , 2020Mirseyed et al, 2022;Afzalimir et al, 2020), others.…”